History and Origin Avian influenza viruses have been around for a long time and have caused disease in many bird species for over 100 years. The earliest known major outbreak of bird flu in poultry occurred in Italy and Egypt in the early 1900s. New subtypes were identified during outbreaks in chickens in Scotland in 1959 and Pakistan in 1994. The H5N1 strain that is currently of greatest human...
The microneedle flu vaccine market has grown significantly owing to the numerous advantages it offers over traditional flu vaccination methods. Microneedle vaccine patches consist of tiny needles made of dissolvable materials like polymer or sugar that deliver vaccination under the skin in a minimally invasive manner. These needles are nearly painless and can efficiently deliver the required...
Microneedle vaccines utilize tiny microneedles, usually made of metals or polymers, to deliver vaccine through the skin. These microneedles are so small that they cannot penetrate deep enough to reach nerves, eliminating the pain typically associated with traditional hypodermic needle injections. The shallow penetration is enough to stimulate an immune response in the skin's rich network of...
Poultry vaccines are formulated to protect poultry birds such as chicken, ducks, turkeys, geese and other domesticated birds against various infections and diseases. The poultry industry plays a vital role in the food chain as chicken and eggs account for a major proportion of all meat produced for human consumption. With rapidly increasing demand for poultry products worldwide, maintaining...
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