The "classical" complement system is first activated when antibodies that attach to surface antigens (found, for instance, on bacteria) draw in the first step of the complement cascade. As a result, bacteria are eliminated in two ways. Secondly, in a process known as opsonization, the interaction of the Immunoglobulin and complement molecules identifies the microbe for ingestion by phagocytes.

These phagocytes are drawn to specific complement molecules produced in the complement cascade. Second, a membrane assault complex is formed by some complement system components to help ant almost all microorganisms can cause an immune response Immunoglobulin must be diverse in order to recognise and eradicate the wide variety of microorganisms that exist; because of this, they can interact with a wide range of antigens.

 Humans are thought to produce 10 billion different antibodies, each of which can bind a different antigen's epitope.  Despite the fact that a single person may produce an enormous variety of antibodies, the size of the human genome restricts the number of genes that can be used to produce these proteins. Diverse pools of antibodies can be produced by vertebrate B cells from a very limited number of Immunoglobulin genes thanks to a number of intricate genetic pathways that have evolved. ibodies directly kill bacteria (bacteriolysis).

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