When a voltage is applied to the Thermoelectric Modules, an electrical current flows from the n-type semiconductor to the p-type semiconductor. This current carries heat energy with it, causing one side of the module to cool down while the other side heats up. This effect is known as the Peltier effect. The Peltier effect is the reverse of the Seebeck effect. Instead of generating a voltage difference from a temperature difference, it generates a temperature difference from a voltage difference.

Thermoelectric Modules are used in a wide range of applications that require precise temperature control or thermal management solutions. One of the most common applications is in refrigeration systems. In a thermoelectric refrigerator, the thermoelectric module is used as a heat pump to move heat from the inside of the refrigerator to the outside. This allows the refrigerator to cool down without the need for a compressor or refrigerant.

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