The synthesis of proteins involves three main stages: transcription, processing, and translation. 

Transcription:

• Definition: Transcription is the first stage of protein synthesis, during which a section of DNA encoding a protein is transcribed into a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule by RNA polymerases in the nucleus of the cell.
• Process: The DNA unwinds, and the RNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the gene of interest. This process involves initiation, elongation, and termination buy methylone, similar to DNA replication. The mRNA serves as a transcript or copy of the gene's DNA code.

Processing:

• Definition: Processing occurs after transcription and involves the modification of the pre-mRNA into mature mRNA, which is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell.
• Post-Transcriptional Modifications: The pre-mRNA undergoes post-transcriptional modifications to produce mature mRNA, including the addition of a 5' GTP cap and a 3' poly-A tail. These modifications are essential for the stability and functionality of the mRNA during translation.

Translation:

• Definition: Translation is the final stage of protein synthesis, where the mRNA is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. This process occurs at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, involving the interaction of mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
• Initiation, Elongation, and Termination: The translation process includes initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA, and the tRNA carrying methionine attaches to the start codon. Elongation involves the sequential addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain, while termination occurs when a stop codon is encountered, leading to the release of the completed polypeptide chain.