Applications of Molecular Spectroscopy
Molecular spectroscopy has numerous applications across various fields. Some major applications are discussed below:

- Structure Determination: Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy are powerful tools for structure determination of organic and inorganic molecules. By analyzing vibrational modes, they provide information about functional groups, bond types, and molecular geometry.

- Reaction Kinetics: Using time-resolved spectroscopy techniques like infrared or Raman spectroscopy, reaction kinetics and reaction intermediates of chemical reactions can be studied. This helps understand reaction mechanisms.

- Astronomy: Spectroscopy in the microwave, infrared and visible regions is widely used in astronomy to identify and analyze molecules in space. Signatures of molecules like CO, H2O and organic compounds have been detected in planet atmospheres, nebulae and interstellar clouds through spectroscopy.

- Art Conservation: Techniques like IR and Raman spectroscopy are non-destructive tools used for material identification in art conservation. They help determine ageing and degradation of artifacts by analyzing pigments, binders and other materials.

- Biological Analysis: Vibrational spectroscopy techniques allow non-destructive study of biological samples and biomolecules. IR and Raman spectroscopy find widespread applications in pharmacy, medicine and biochemistry for drug analysis, disease diagnosis and biomolecular structure determination.

- Pollution Monitoring: Atmospheric spectroscopy plays a key role in pollution monitoring by identifying and quantifying pollutants like greenhouse gases, hydrocarbons and particulate matter in air and exhaust emissions. This helps regulate and reduce pollution.

Advances in Molecular Spectroscopy

Molecular Spectroscopy has greatly advanced over the past decades with development of new technologies and methods:

- Laser Spectroscopy: The advent of laser sources enabled techniques like laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and photoacoustic spectroscopy with unprecedented sensitivity and resolution.

- Time-Resolved Methods: Spectroscopic methods coupled with pulsed lasers and ultrafast detection allow tracking dynamic processes like chemical reactions in real-time with sub-picosecond resolution.

- Fourier Transform Techniques: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and NMR spectrometers improved data acquisition rates and signal-to-noise ratios. FT-Raman spectroscopy enabled analysis of weaker Raman signals.

- Synchrotron Radiation: Synchrotron-based vibrational spectroscopy utilizes bright, tunable synchrotron light for studies in broader spectral regions from IR to X-rays with much higher sensitivity.

- Computational Methods: Advances in computing power and quantum chemistry allowed predicting vibrational frequencies and intensities through density functional theory calculations for structure determination assistance and interpretation.

- Miniaturization: Development of portable spectrometers enabled on-site and in-situ analysis in areas like astrobiology, environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics through techniques like microspectroscopy.

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