The "chain termination method," or Sanger sequencing, was created in 1977 by Frederick Sanger, an English biochemist, and his associates. This technique is intended to ascertain the nucleotide base sequence of a fragment of DNA, typically less than 1,000 bp in length. The "gold standard" for verifying DNA sequences, including those sequenced via next-generation sequencing (NGS), is Sanger sequencing with 99.99% base accuracy. The Human Genome Project used Sanger sequencing to identify the sequences of comparatively tiny human DNA pieces.

Global Sanger Sequencing: Past, Present, and Future

Sanger sequencing, a method developed by Frederick Sanger in 1977, has been a cornerstone in the field of genomics for over four decades. Despite the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, Sanger Sequencing continues to be a critical tool for genetic research and diagnostics due to its high accuracy, simplicity, and reliability. This article explores the historical significance, current applications, and future prospects of Sanger sequencing on a global scale.

The Foundation of Sanger Sequencing

Sanger sequencing, also known as chain-termination sequencing, revolutionized the field of genetics by allowing scientists to read the exact sequence of nucleotides in a strand of DNA. The method involves synthesizing DNA strands from a single-stranded template, incorporating chain-terminating nucleotides that stop synthesis at specific points. These fragments are then separated by size using capillary electrophoresis, allowing the sequence to be determined.

The simplicity and precision of this method made it the gold standard for DNA sequencing and played a pivotal role in major scientific milestones, such as the Human Genome Project. Even today, Sanger sequencing is widely used for smaller-scale projects, validation of NGS results, and specific applications that require high accuracy.

While newer technologies may dominate the headlines, the enduring value of Sanger sequencing in providing precise, reliable, and interpretable genetic data ensures its place in the future of genetic research and diagnostics. Its global impact and potential for continued innovation underscore its significance in the ever-evolving landscape of genomics.

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