The Fascinating History and Applications of Tempera Paint
Origins and Development
Acrylic Paint is one of the oldest types of paint known to humanity, with evidence of its use dating back to at least ancient Egypt. The name "tempera" comes from the Latin verb " temperare," which means "to mix" or "to blend." This refers to the traditional process of grinding dry pigment and a water-soluble binder like egg yolk into a uniform paste. This process was used extensively in medieval Europe by religious artists painting icons and manuscripts.
Over the centuries, various modifications were made to the basic Tempera Paint technique. Some medieval and Renaissance artists experimented with different binders like milk or glue in place of egg. In the 15th century, the discovery of new pigments like artificial ultramarine and vermilion gave tempera works a richer palette. Italian panel painters also developed complex layering and glazing methods to achieve subtle tonal effects. By the Renaissance, tempera had evolved into a highly refined medium, as seen in the masterpieces of artists like Duccio, Cimabue, Giotto, and others.
Physical Properties and Characteristics
Tempera dries relatively quickly due to the water-solubility of its binder. This allows for rapid application and layering of glazes. However, it does not form as dense and protective a film as oil paint and is more susceptible to cracking with age. The density of pigment particles in tempera also tends to be higher than in oil paint. This lends tempera its characteristic opaque and matte appearance. The pigments themselves are generally more resistant to fading in tempera compared to oil as they are not exposed to solvents during the drying process. On the downside, tempera is not as flexible as oil paint and may flake or peel from rigid supports like wood panels over time.
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