Resistors
As one of the simplest and most ubiquitous passive components, resistors form the basis of many circuits. Made from materials that resist the flow of electric current, resistors are used to:
- Limit current in a circuit
- Set voltage drops across components
- Act as fuses to protect other components

The most common types of resistors are:
- Carbon composition resistors: Inexpensive and widely used fixed resistors made of carbon and binder.
- Metal film resistors: Very precise fixed value resistors used where exact resistance is critical like timing circuits. Made of metal alloy films.
- Wire wound resistors: Large power handling resistors used where significant power dissipation is required. Made by wrapping resistance wire around an insulator.

Passive Electronic Components Resistors come in a very wide range of standardized resistances or ohmic values to suit different circuit needs. They are essential building blocks in virtually all circuits to limit currents and set operating voltages.

Capacitors
Capacitors serve to store electric charge and smooth voltage in circuits. Made from two conductors separated by an insulator known as a dielectric, common types include:

- Ceramic capacitors: Multilayer miniature capacitors widely used for bypassing and coupling. Inexpensive and reliable.
- Aluminum electrolytic capacitors: Low priced capacitors able to store large amounts of charge. Used for energy storage in power supply filters. Polarized.
- Tantalum capacitors: Long life version of aluminum electrolytics. More expensive. Often used for high reliability applications.
- Film capacitors: Precision non-polarized capacitors for timing applications like clocks. Made from plastic or metalized film.

By acting as temporary reservoirs of electric charge, capacitors are indispensable for power supply filtering, timing circuits, signal coupling and bypassing noise in digital and analog applications. Many circuit designs would not function without capacitors.


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