The Continuing Role of Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) in Global Polio Eradication: Challenges and Strategies
Continued Importance of IPV for Polio Eradication
As the world nears global polio eradication, IPV plays a vital role in protecting communities and maintaining immunity. IPV provides individual protection against paralytic polio for the vaccinated person. It generates polio antibodies in the bloodstream and prevents the virus from infecting the central nervous system. By maintaining high IPV coverage levels worldwide, we deny the virus vulnerable populations it needs to spread.
IPV also plays a critical role in outbreak response. If a wild polio case is detected, IPV can help quickly contain the virus through protective cord immunity in newborns. IPV is routinely recommended during pregnancy in polio-affected countries to pass maternal antibodies to the baby prior to birth. Currently, over 100 nations have introduced at least 1 dose of IPV into their routine immunization programs as part of the endgame polio eradication strategy. Global IPV supply and demand continue expanding to boost population immunity, particularly in high-risk areas.
Challenges to Achieving Global IPV Access
While IPV Vaccines provides strong individual protection against polio, some challenges have hindered its widespread global adoption over the past decade. Producing IPV at scale to meet worldwide needs requires robust manufacturing capacity. Until 2018, the world’s sole IPV supplier was Sanofi Pasteur. This limited supply constrained IPV introduction in many low-income countries with ongoing polio transmission.
Additional manufacturers have now entered the IPV market, significantly increasing production. However, the high cost of IPV remains a barrier, especially in underdeveloped regions. A single IPV dose costs around $1 compared to less than a penny for OPV. Yet, global investment in IPV remains critical for achieving polio eradication. International donors and organizations like GAVI, the vaccine alliance, work to expand IPV access in the lowest-income countries through price negotiations and subsidies.
Logistic and supply chain barriers must also be addressed, such as cold chain requirements for transporting and storing IPV. Enhanced coordination between vaccine producers, procurement agencies, and immunization programs will further strengthen IPV introduction and uptake worldwide. Continued global collaboration and financing are essential to overcoming these hurdles in the final push to eradicate polio.
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