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A Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) is an agency responsible for carrying out the transportation planning process in a metropolitan area. An MPO must represent all localities within an urbanized area as defined by the U.S. Census.

Methods

MPO generates the potent antimicrobial oxidant HOCl during its phagocytosis of invading microbes and other pathogens. Upon interaction with H2O2, MPO’s ferric heme is oxidized to a short-lived intermediate, Compound I (half life 100 ms) which can regenerate its ferric state in 2 consecutive 1-electron steps. The resulting HOCl oxidants damage the engulfed pathogens by attacking their cell membranes and by reacting with DNA to form covalent cross-links.

Cellular redox homeostasis is maintained by a system of checks and balances that includes the generation of ROS/RNS by superoxide dismutases, the degradation of these oxidants by catalase, and a variety of general scavengers, such as GSH, thioredoxin, and peroxiredoxin. Up-regulated NADPH oxidases and down-regulation of these scavengers contribute to the pathophysiology of many diseases. For more details please visit MPO212

MPO has a distinct structure that differs from other mammalian peroxidases in its active site, which makes it an attractive target for inhibitor design. Currently, several in vivo tools for assessing MPO activity and tracking PMN migration are available. These include MRI of MPO-induced oligomerization of chelated cations [70], fluorescence imaging of the fluorescent dye ADHP with a stopped flow technique, and bioluminescence imaging with intraperitoneal injection of luminol in spontaneously forming granular lymphocytic tumors in Gzmb:Tax mice expressing MPO.