Thyroid Function Tests Understanding their Importance for Health in India
Types of Thyroid Function Tests
Doctors typically recommend one or more thyroid function tests to determine if the thyroid gland is working properly or diagnose a potential thyroid disorder. Some common thyroid function tests include:
- TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) Test: This test measures the levels of TSH in the blood. TSH is produced by the pituitary gland and signals the thyroid to produce more hormones if levels are low or less if levels are high. An abnormal TSH level can indicate hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
- T4 (Thyroxine) Test: This directly measures the levels of T4 hormone in the blood. Low T4 levels suggest hypothyroidism.
- T3 (Triiodothyronine) Test: T3 is the active thyroid hormone. This test measures T3 levels, which are usually low in hypothyroidism and high in hyperthyroidism.
- Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody Test: These autoantibodies attack the thyroid and are associated with autoimmune thyroid disorders like Hashimoto's.
- Thyroglobulin Antibody Test: High levels suggest that residual thyroid tissue may still be present after thyroid surgery or treatment for thyroid cancer.
The results of these tests along with a medical examination and symptoms help doctors diagnose thyroid disorders and determine appropriate treatment options. Repeat testing may also be required to monitor the effectiveness of treatments.
Rising Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in India
Over the last decade, there has been a significant rise in the prevalence of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in India. It is estimated that about 42 million people in India suffer from thyroid diseases. Some risk factors contributing to this rising trend include iodine deficiency in certain parts of the country, genetics, autoimmune conditions, obesity, and lifestyle changes.
Women are at a higher risk of developing India Thyroid Function Test disorders compared to men due to hormonal changes during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. Common symptoms seen in both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight changes, constipation, hair loss, dry skin, anxiety, slower heart rates in hypothyroidism and rapid heartbeats in hyperthyroidism. However, many people may not exhibit obvious symptoms in the early stages.
Importance of Screening, Impact of Undiagnosed Thyroid Disorders
Importance of Screening
It is recommended to get routine thyroid screening done even if no symptoms are present. This is because thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism, may remain undiagnosed for years as early signs can be mild or non-existent. Left untreated, these disorders can silently progress and damage the heart, bones and other organs over the long run.
Early diagnosis is important so treatment with hormone supplements or anti-thyroid medications can be started to control symptoms and prevent health complications. Regular screening also allows doctors to monitor thyroid function during pregnancy, when requirements for thyroid hormones increase substantially. Pregnant women with thyroid abnormalities have increased risks of miscarriages, preterm births or impaired neurodevelopment in the baby.
Impact of Undiagnosed Thyroid Disorders
When thyroid disorders remain undiagnosed or improperly treated, it can negatively impact quality of life and overall health. Hypothyroidism that persists for a long period increases the risk of heart disease, arthritis, memory problems, depression and infertility. Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to dangerous irregular heart rhythms, weakening of bones, muscle weakness and even thyroid storm - a life-threatening emergency.
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