TMS works due to electromagnetic induction, the process by which a magnetic field generates an electric current through a conductor. The magnetic coil produces a rapidly changing magnetic field when electric current flows through it. This changing magnetic field penetrates the scalp and skull to stimulate wire-like neurons in the superficial areas of the brain. Each pulse of TMS leads to a brief depolarization of connected neurons. Repeated pulses produce long-term changes in neuronal activity that outlast the treatment session. The coils can be targeted to stimulate specific regions of the brain that are involved in various mental processes and behaviors. For example, treating the left prefrontal cortex has been beneficial for depression.

Major Depressive Disorder: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulator is approved by the FDA for treating adults with treatment-resistant major depression. Repeated high-frequency stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex has been shown to provide antidepressant effects in several clinical trials.

Migraines and Chronic Headaches: Some studies suggest TMS may help reduce the frequency and severity of migraines and other chronic headache disorders when targeted stimulation is delivered to various sites in the brain. However, FDA approval is still pending for this application.

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