What are Biomarkers?

A biomarker is defined as a measurable biological characteristic or molecule that can indicate the presence or severity of a disease or medical condition. In simple terms, a biomarker is a biological molecule found in blood, urine, saliva or tissue that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. Some key examples of biological maker include enzymes, hormones, gene mutations, proteins, and other molecules that may help diagnose or predict the risk of developing certain diseases.

Types of Biomarkers

There are several types of Biomarkers that can be broadly classified as:

Exposure Biological maker

Exposure biological maker are used to measure exposure to environmental chemicals or toxins, pharmaceutical drugs, vaccines or traumatic physical events. They help determine the extent or degree of exposure to a particular substance. For example, cotinine levels in blood or urine can serve as an exposure biomarker for cigarette smoke.

Susceptibility Biological maker

Susceptibility biological maker indicate an individual's predisposition or susceptibility to develop a particular disease based on their genetic makeup. Genetic mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are examples of susceptibility biological maker. For instance, mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

Diagnostic Biological maker

Diagnostic biological maker help in confirming the presence or absence of a disease condition. They aid in early and accurate diagnosis. For example, prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels are used as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer. Elevated levels indicate the possibility of prostate cancer.

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