Introduction

This also called radiation therapy, is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It works by damaging the genetic material of cells to stop them from growing and dividing. This therapy can be used to treat cancers at various stages, from early to advanced, and in various parts of the body such as the brain, breast, cervix and prostate.

Types of Radiotherapy
There are different types of therapy used to treat cancer depending on the location and severity of the cancer. Below are some common types:

External Beam Radiotherapy
External beam therapy involves the use of a machine outside the body to generate high-energy beams of radiation that are directed precisely at cancerous tumors or lesions. The radiation beams are carefully shaped to match the shape of the tumor, enter the body through the skin from different angles and intersect at the tumor site to deliver a lethal dose while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissue.

Internal Radiotherapy (Brachytherapy)
Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive seeds, rods or catheters inside or near the cancer site to deliver localized radiation directly to tumors. The radiation travels only a short distance so it limits damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Brachytherapy is commonly used to treat cancers of prostate, cervical, breast and others.

Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)
IMRT is an advanced form of external beam therapy that uses computer-controlled linear accelerators to deliver precise radiation doses to malignant tumors or specific areas within the tumor. It allows for higher radiation doses to be delivered to the tumor while minimizing exposure of normal tissue and surrounding organs. This improves treatment effectiveness.

Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
IGRT incorporates various imaging techniques like CT scans and MRIs to better visualize tumors and surrounding tissues during therapy planning and treatment delivery. It ensures radiation is targeted accurately to the tumor by tracking and correcting for anatomical changes between fractions. This reduces radiation doses to healthy tissues and improves treatment outcomes.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Radiotherapy
Stereotactic radiosurgery delivers a single, high dose of radiation to tumor sites in the brain, head, neck and elsewhere with extraordinary precision using advanced robotic technology. It can treat tumors previously considered inoperable with just one or a few sessions.

Radiotherapy Planning and Delivery
meticulous planning process involving CT and MRI scans precisely locates the tumor and critical structures. Tailored treatment plans are designed to maximize dose to the tumor while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissue using 3D modeling and advanced techniques like IMRT. Treatments are delivered on an outpatient basis, usually 5 days a week over several weeks. Multiple small doses of radiation are administered to safely build up the total dose required to control the tumor.

Side Effects of Radiotherapy
While therapy effectively treats cancer, it may also affect some healthy cells in the treatment area and cause side effects. However, advanced planning and delivery techniques have significantly reduced side effects. Common side effects include:

Fatigue: Fatigue may develop during and post treatment due to cell damage in radiated tissues. It is usually temporary but can last months after treatment.

Skin reactions: Skin in the treatment area may become red, dry or tender. Hair loss may also occur for those treated on the scalp. However, skin usually heals on its own once treatment ends.

Nausea: Patients may feel nauseous during or right after treatment, but anti-nausea drugs help relieve this.

Gastric issues: Radiation to the abdomen can cause loss of appetite, diarrhea or rectal bleeding due to damage to the digestive tract. This is usually temporary.

Organ damage: In rare cases, radiation to vital organs like heart or lungs may cause long-term or late effects like inflammation or scarring if surrounding healthy tissues receive more than tolerated doses.

Side effects depend on treatment factors and patient susceptibility. Doctors monitor patients' progress to minimize complications. Most symptoms subside once treatment concludes but some long-term issues may affect quality of life. Overall, this therapy's excellent tumor control and curative rates outweigh potential harms for most cancer cases.

Role of Radiotherapy in Cancer Management
This therapy has established an indispensable role in curative and palliative care across a wide range of cancers either alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy. Some key applications include:

Definitive (curative) treatment: This alone can cure localized tumors like prostate, cervical, endometrial and others when provided with high enough precision doses.

Adjuvant treatment: Used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells and reduce risk of recurrence in breast, head/neck and others.

Neoadjuvant treatment: Given before surgery/chemotherapy to shrink large tumors for easier resection or improve organ function preservation rates.

Palliative treatment: Effective at relieving pain, bleeding and other symptoms from advanced cancers to improve quality of life.

This significantly boosts cancer control and survival when combined sequentially/concurrently with surgery and/or chemotherapy depending on the disease. Ongoing advances hold promise to expand its role further. Efforts are also improving value and outcomes through hypofractionated regimens and combined modality treatments.

In summary, modern therapy is a precise, versatile and effective treatment for a variety of cancers. Continued technical innovations and upcoming modalities will help further consolidate its place in multidisciplinary management of different stages of cancer. It offers curability, preserves function and provides relief to maintain quality of life for many patients diagnosed with this chronic disease.

About Author:

Ravina Pandya, Content Writer, has a strong foothold in the market research industry. She specializes in writing well-researched articles from different industries, including food and beverages, information and technology, healthcare, chemical and materials, etc. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/ravina-pandya-1a3984191