External Fixators: A Brief Overview of External Fixation Devices Used in Orthopedic Surgery
What are External Fixators?
They are orthopedic devices that are externally applied to stabilize bone fragments from the outside of the body. They can be used as a temporary or permanent fixation technique and are commonly utilized when fixation and stabilization are needed but internal fixation is not possible or advised. They provide a minimally invasive way to properly position and stabilize bone fragments following fractures or other orthopedic procedures.
Components
All share some basic components including External Fixators pins or wires, transverse connecting bars, and clamps or collars that securely attach pins to the bars outside of the skin and muscle tissue. Fixation pins are carefully placed into the bone on either side of the fracture site and connect to one or more transverse bars. The bars span the fracture and are externally manipulated to provide reduction and alignment of the bone fragments. Clamps and tightening bolts allow the surgeon to control and secure the structural relationship of the pins to the bars.
Types of External Fixation Systems
There are different types of external fixation systems categorized by their configuration and intended use. Linear fixators utilize a single connecting bar between two pins on either side of a fracture for simpler fractures. Circular fixators incorporate several pins connected in a closed ring construct for higher stability in comminuted or segmental fractures. Hybrid fixators combine linear and circular ring components for versatility. Ilizarov external fixators feature small fixation wires or thin pins connected in a ring construct around a limb that can simultaneously treat fractures as well as perform correctional osteotomies and lengthening procedures.
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