Copper and copper alloys are widely used due to their impressive properties like high thermal and electrical conductivity, resistance to oxidation as well as easy plastic deformation. One of the most effective kinds of processing of these metals into parts is Extrusion, which is the operation of forcing the metal through a die under pressure or drawing it through the die. The processes are very simple and therefore copper and copper alloys extrusion is applied in many areas ranging from electrical to automotive and construction to mention a few owing to the constitution of the metals. In proper detail, this writing will discuss the extrusion process, its advantages and the possible uses for manufactured copper and copper alloy extrusions.

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1.1. What is Copper & Copper Alloys Extrusion?

Extrusion, in its most basic form, is a technique that involves the creation of a shape via selection of a metal, and in this situation, it is copper or its alloy, and pushing or pulling it through a smaller opening, which in this case is a die. The profiles can be solid or hollow and from copper, relatively much volume and complex crosssections of shapes can be produced. Such goods are usually comprised of copper and its alloys, since the complete processing of these materials to finished components may also make a change in the treated material.

There are mainly two types of extrusion processes:

• Hot Extrusion: In simple terms, it is the process of applying high temperature to metal so that it can pass easily through the die. It is more preferred in copper and copper alloys because it reduces the stress of the material and aids in maintaining the dimensions of the finished workpiece.

• Cold Extrusion: In this process for example, cold working on metals, extrusion of the metal is done at room temperature which is the use of copper in the least, however, it is applicable in areas which require strong metal and minimal thermal distortion.

Why Copper and Copper Alloys are Popular for Extrusion?

Copper and its alloys are all known to be very flexible and therefore the reason why they carry out extrusion in that way.

• Good Conductivity: Copper remains one of the top metals which conducts electricity, and therefore makes wires and busbars, as well as connecting devices, out of it. Copper alloy extrusions which aid current flow in electronic components are used for this purpose.

• Resistance to Corrosion: Copper and its alloy are particularly resistant to corrosion especially when they are used in the presence of moisture, chemicals or sea water which is exceedingly aggressive. This helps copper extrusion parts find their use in marine, plumbing and outdoor applications.

• Malleability: Copper is soft and naturally ductile metal and brass is easy to extrude the same profiles with the location of elements without damage to the shape.

• Strength and Durability: Some copper alloys like brass and bronze are used to make devices that should last long and require wear and mechanical load stability.

Common Copper Alloys Used in Extrusion

In the extrusion process, three alloys of copper are widely accepted due to their benefits:

• Brass (Copper-Zinc Alloy): This alloy has a very high tensile strength and is also very easy to machine With this property in mind, brass is gaudily extruded for valves, fittings and other applications that require high strength. It also presents some form of quite good corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity.

• Bronze (Copper-Tin Alloy): This is an alloy that is known to be very useful due to its high abrasive wear resistance and strength. This property of bronze makes it suitable for parts like bearings, bushings and heavy duty electrical components.

• Nickel Silver (Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy): This alloy serves the purpose of having light-colored silvery copper and at the same time maximizes the strength and disappears copper’s property of corrosion resistance. Northern nickel silver extrusions have found applications in architectural hardware, musical instruments & decorative products.

• Phosphor Bronze (Copper-Tin-Phosphorus Alloy): Owing to the above properties, phosphor bronze has also found usage in spring materials, fasteners and electrical contact interfaces due to its good fatigue and torsion resistance properties.

The Application of The Extrusion Process in The Production of Copper And It's Alloys.

The extrusion process contains a number of specific sequences in order to produce the desired end product:

Billet Preparation: In this stage, an extruded metal manufactures, copper or copper alloy cylindrical billets are softened for extrusion. This temperature depends on the alloy that will be used, but it normally ranges from 650 – 950°C.

Extrusion: The heated billet is placed inside the realistic extrusion die and the extrusion press is driven so that the heated billet passes through the extrusion die which is shaped in a predetermined cross section. The extrusion may be a continuous type (for long lengths) or it may be cut into predetermined lengths or sections depending on the specific application.

Cooling: The die exit is maintained at the desired temperature even after the exit die, and cooling operations are also carried out to satisfy the shape and structural stability of the material. Under some conditions in some of the copper alloys cooled rapidly soon after deformation due to the need to retain certain properties in metallic states may be required.

The Extruded Product or the Billet Processing: The extruded product is then faced, cut to length and straightened along with surface modification such as polishing or anodizing or plating as necessary, according to what the extruded product will be used for.

Quality Control: The defects of the last extruded product include superficial effects, dimensional defects and internal effects like defects within the structure if any are present. A quality assurance program using non-destructive testing techniques may be performed to evaluate and validate compliance with the regulated specifications.

Copper & Copper Alloys Extrusions Their Applications

The applications and industries that can be of use to copper and copper alloys extrusions are so diverse, this is because of their unique characteristics. Below are some highlighted areas of application.

• Electrical and Electronics: Copper extrusions are key components in the design and manufacture of mechanical and electrical connectors, busbars, transformers, and power distribution devices owing to high electrical conductivity of copper.

• HVAC and Plumbing: Copper tubes and copper pipe fitting are employed in heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and plumbing due to their anti- corrosion properties and thermal conductivity.

• Automotive Industry: In terms of automotive applications, copper alloy extrusions can be found in radiators, heat exchangers, and electrical systems of vehicles. Because of its high-temperature and mechanical stress bearing property, this material has been very useful in such application.

• Architecture and Construction: Wide utilization of copper extractions has been witnessed in architectural details, roofing, cladding, and customized trims cornices. Brass and bronze extrusions were routinely embedded in the rails, doors fixtures, and other settling places in buildings.

• Industrial Machinery: Gear, bearing, and bushing copper and bronze extrusion parts are used to make industrial equipment and machines that demand wear resistance and strength.