Cardiac Pacing Leads: An Overview of Pacing Leads
Cardiac pacing leads play a crucial role in cardiac pacemaker systems by electrically connecting the pacemaker generator to the heart. Modern pacemaker leads are thin, insulated wires that end in one or more electrodes for delivering electrical pulses to the heart. Different types of leads exist depending on the location of stimulation required and the physiology of the patient. This article provides an overview of the major types of pacing leads and their functions.
Temporary Pacing Leads
Temporary pacing Cardiac Pacing Leads are thin wires inserted through a vein, usually in the neck, groin or arm, and guided into the heart. They have a single electrode at the tip for pacing one chamber of the heart. Temporary leads are used during testing in the electrophysiology laboratory or for short-term pacing support in hospital. They remain in place for days to weeks until the patient's heart function recovers or a permanent pacemaker is implanted. Being non-distractible, temporary leads provide a lower risk alternative than implantation of a permanent system when short term pacing is required.
Permanent Pacemaker Leads
Permanent pacemaker leads are designed for long-term use, typically years. Made of flexible but durable insulated materials, they must withstand millions of flexing movements as the heart beats. Most permanent leads enter the heart through a vein in the neck, chest or arm and are secured at their exit point to prevent lead dislodgement or damage. Like temporary leads, some have a single electrode at the tip but many dual-chamber pacemakers use leads with additional electrodes mid-way or near the tip.
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