irm or refute them.This study analyzed characteristics of hip fracture patients who did not undergo surgery within 24 hours after hospitalization, as recommended by the Belgian quality standards. Reasons for delay were analyzed. Delay in surgery for hip fracture was related to the medical condition of the patients. To compare patients with optimal timing to patients with a delay in hip surgery, with respect to outcome (complications (postoperative) and mortality) and reasons for delay. A retrospective analysis of medical records compared patients operated on within 24h (Group A) to patients operated on more than 24h after admission (Group B). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html A follow-up period of 5 years after release or up to the time of data collection was used. Reasons for delay in relation with mortality were analyzed descriptively. Descriptive statistics were used for patient demographics and complications. Relationships causing a delayed surgery and mortality were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Additionally, a survival analysis was provide medical conditions. Survival was higher for patients operated on within 24h of admission. Delayed surgery for patients with hip fractures was associated with bad additional medical conditions. Survival was higher for patients operated on within 24h of admission. Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Upon androgen-deprivation therapy, the disease may progress further to castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) with a poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which play crucial roles in gene regulation. The aim of our study is to find CRPC-associated miRNAs and to evaluate their functional role. In this study, 23 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 76 primary PCa, and 35 CRPC specimens were included. Total RNA extracted from tissue sections was used for miRNA profiling on the Affymetrix GSC 3000 platform. Subsequently, stem-loop RT-qPCR analysis was performed to validate the expression levels of selected miRNAs. PCa cell lines were transfected with miRNA mimics or inhibitors to evaluate the effects on cell proliferation, cell migration and cell invasion. In our profiling study, several miRNAs were found to be deregulated in CRPC compared to primary PCa tissue, of which miR-205 (-4.5-fold; p = 0.0009), miR-92b (-3.1 fold; p &pothesized involvement of miRNAs in PCa tumorigenesis and progression to CRPC. The applicability of these miRNAs as novel biomarkers for CRPC remains to be further investigated.What is Known? • Vitamin D has multiple roles in the immune system that can modulate the body reaction to an infection • Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) is the key transport protein which, along with albumin, binds over 99% of the circulating vitamin D metabolites What is New? • Lower 25 OH vitamin D levels were associated with higher inflammation markers, suggesting an important role of vitamin D in the clinical course of COVID-19 in children and adolescents probably by regulating the systemic inflammatory response • Further studies are warranted to investigate the possible causal association of DBP levels and polymorphism with vitamin D status (total and bioavailable vitamin D) in COVID-19 patients.Elevated temperatures negatively affect human reproduction through several processes that regulate nutrient uptake and resource allocation in pregnant women. These can interfere with foetal development, resulting in low birth weight neonates with altered development trajectories. Temperatures that affect the current generation could, therefore, also have an impact on the following generation. We asked whether heat stress affected offspring fertility by asking if current and past ambient temperatures influenced total fertility rates (TFR) in human populations distributed across the world. We analysed time series data in 65 countries using simple regression analyses based on maximum temperatures and temperature amplitudes over 55 years. Supplemental longer time series (up to 100 years) provided information on response patterns in Northern Europe and Greenland's colder climates. There were clear and strong effects of temperatures on the TFR in the concurrent and the previous generation. Our temperature-based models account for 71-95% of the variation in TRF in European countries and Greenland, and 56-99% of the variation in 65 countries worldwide. Our findings are consistent with studies of seasonal variation in fertility and suggest that increased temperatures will negatively influence populations subjected to monthly maximum temperatures above 15-20 °C, while fertility in colder climates benefits from elevated temperatures. Our results provide strong evidence that ambient temperatures have important effects on human fertility, and that these effects persist into the following generation.Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii) is the largest native terrestrial mammal in the Neotropics, which is endangered primarily as a consequence of habitat loss and overhunting. Baird's tapir is predominantly nocturnal and exists at low densities which complicates field studies. Baird's tapir is a large-bodied herbivore that plays a key role in maintaining healthy tropical forests through seed dispersal in its feces. Studies of gut microbiome are essential and valuable to assess the health status of the host and the interaction with the environment. In this study, we collected fresh fecal samples of T. bairdii to analyze its gut microbiome during the rainy and dry seasons in the Calakmul region, which is a critical rainforest conservation area in Mexico. The results of a high-throughput 16S rDNA gene sequencing approach suggest that the fecal microbiome of Baird's tapir has no significant differences in composition among seasons. The most common phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Kiritimatiellaeota, and Spirochaetes. This study suggests that the stability of the fecal microbiome is related to similar feeding strategies throughout the year, and emphasizes the value of tapir in seed dispersal (and associated microbes) to the well-conserved forests of the Greater Calakmul region as biodiversity hotspots for conservation.

Tumor lysis syndrome is an oncologic emergency characterized by hyperuricemia. Previous studies have demonstrated that a fixed-dose strategy of rasburicase is as effective as the FDA approved weight-based dose. Albany Medical Center employs rasburicase 1.5 mg in patients with a uric acid (UA) between 8 and 12 mg/dL and 3 mg for UA above12 mg/dL.We aimed to evaluate the UA lowering effectiveness and provider adherence to the institutional protocol, as well as the cost-efficiency of this dosing strategy. This is a single center, retrospective, cohort study. The electronic medical record was used to identify patients receiving rasburicase and to collect baseline demographic and laboratory data. The fixed-dose strategies of rasburicase 1.5 mg and 3 mg were compared in their degree of UA reduction and clinical outcomes. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lb-100.html Cost-savings of fixed-dosing was compared to the FDA-approved weight-based dose. Mean UA reduction in the 1.5 mg group (n = 49) from baseline to 24 hours was 2.88 ± 0.88 mg/dL (p < 0.0001) the FDA-approved weight-based dose. This AUA Guideline focuses on evaluation/counseling/management of adult patients with clinically-localized renal masses suspicious for cancer, including solid-enhancing tumors and Bosniak 3/4 complex-cystic lesions. The Renal Mass and Localized Renal Cancer guideline underwent an update literature review which resulted in the 2021 amendment. When sufficient evidence existed, the body of evidence was assigned a strength rating of A (high), B (moderate), or C (low) for support of Strong, Moderate, or Conditional Recommendations. In the absence of sufficient evidence, additional information is provided as Clinical Principles and Expert Opinions (table 1[Table see text]). Great progress has been made regarding the evaluation/management of clinically-localized renal masses. These guidelines provide updated, evidence-based recommendations regarding evaluation/counseling including the evolving role of renal-mass-biopsy (RMB). Given great variability of clinical/oncologic/functional characteristics, index paties, functional-consequences, and relative efficacy/potential morbidities of various management-strategies. Several factors require consideration during counseling/management of patients with clinically-localized renal masses including general health/comorbidities, oncologic-considerations, functional-consequences, and relative efficacy/potential morbidities of various management-strategies.Objective To assess whether in-hospital infant formula supplementation impacts later successful breastfeeding among healthy mother-infant dyads in the United States who are not intending to exclusively use infant formula. Study Design Using secondary analysis of a national longitudinal survey (Infant Feeding Practices Study II, n = 2,399), we estimated effects of in-hospital infant formula supplementation on later breastfeeding success by matching mothers whose infants received in-hospital formula supplementation with mothers whose infants did not. Estimates were compared across four matching methods. Outcomes of breastfeeding success included likelihood of following a sustained breastfeeding trajectory for the first year postpartum; feelings of favorability and breastfeeding as long as desired postweaning; and breastfeeding intention, initiation, and duration for subsequent children. Results In-hospital formula supplementation halved the likelihood of following a breastfeeding trajectory characterized by sustained exclusive breastfeeding. Supplementation decreased feelings of favorability toward breastfeeding postweaning but did not impact the likelihood of feeling that one breastfed as long as desired. Supplementation did not impact intention to breastfeed a future child; it did, however, decrease the likelihood of breastfeeding initiation with a subsequent child by >66% and reduced average duration of breastfeeding any subsequent children by >6 weeks. Conclusion A lack of experimental methodologies in previous studies makes it difficult to determine a causal link between infant formula in the hospital and less breastfeeding success. Assuming we have accounted for all appropriate confounders, this study provides evidence for such a causal link. Birth hospital policies and practices should speak of this risk of harm. In neuroblastoma (NB), the ALK receptor tyrosine kinase can be constitutively activated through activating point mutations or genomic amplification. We studied genetic alterations in high-risk (HR) patients on the HR-NBL1/SIOPEN trial to determine their frequency, correlation with clinical parameters, and prognostic impact. Diagnostic tumor samples were available from 1,092 HR-NBL1/SIOPEN patients to determine amplification status (n = 330), mutational profile (n = 191), or both (n = 571). Genomic amplification ( a) was detected in 4.5% of cases (41 out of 901), all except one with amplification (MNA). a was associated with a significantly poorer overall survival (OS) (5-year OS a [n = 41] 28% [95% CI, 15 to 42]; no- a [n = 860] 51% [95% CI, 47 to 54], [ < .001]), particularly in cases with metastatic disease. mutations ( m) were detected at a clonal level (> 20% mutated allele fraction) in 10% of cases (76 out of 762) and at a subclonal level (mutated allele fraction 0.f ALK (clonal mutations and amplifications) in HR-NB are independent predictors of poorer survival. These data provide a rationale for integration of ALK inhibitors in upfront treatment of HR-NB with ALK alterations. It remains unclear how posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction influences long-term lower extremity joint biomechanics. To determine whether patients who underwent PCL reconstruction exhibited long-term alterations in lower limb gait mechanics. Controlled laboratory study. A total of 26 patients underwent gait analyses at 8.2 ± 2.6 years after primary unilateral PCL reconstruction. Sex- and age-matched healthy controls were analyzed for comparison. Gait data were collected using motion capture and force plates. Hip, knee, and ankle angles and moments were compared during initial contact, early stance, and late stance for the reconstructed and uninjured contralateral limbs of patients who underwent PCL reconstruction (PCL group) as well as the limbs of healthy control participants (CON group). No side-to-side kinematic differences were noted between the reconstructed and contralateral limbs of the PCL group; some trivial differences were noted in knee and hip moments. However, major differences between the PCL and CON groups occurred at the knee.

Chorioamnionitis is a major risk factor for preterm birth and an independent risk factor for postnatal morbidity for which currently successful therapies are lacking. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/myci361.html Emerging evidence indicates that the timing and duration of intra-amniotic infections are crucial determinants for the stage of developmental injury at birth. Insight into the dynamical changes of organ injury after the onset of chorioamnionitis revealed novel therapeutic windows of opportunity. Importantly, successful development and implementation of therapies in clinical care is currently impeded by a lack of diagnostic tools for early (prenatal) detection and surveillance of intra-amniotic infections. In the current study we questioned whether an intra-amniotic infection could be accurately diagnosed by a specific volatile organic compound (VOC) profile in exhaled breath of pregnant sheep. For this purpose pregnant Texel ewes were inoculated intra-amniotically with Ureaplasma parvum and serial collections of exhaled breath were performed fortection of intra-amniotic infections will lead to appropriate surveillance of these high-risk pregnancies, thereby facilitating appropriate clinical course of action including early treatment of preventative measures for pre-maturity-associated morbidities.Background Heat shock protein-70 (Hsp-70) exhibits cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress-induced airway injury. This study aimed to examine Hsp-70 and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) from tracheal aspirates (TA) in very low-birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants to predict the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Methods This birth cohort study enrolled 109 VLBW preterm infants, including 32 infants who developed BPD. Hsp-70 and 8-OHdG concentrations from TA were measured by immunoassay. The apoptosis of TA epithelial cells obtained on Day 28 after birth was measured using annexin-V staining assay. Results Hsp-70 and 8-OHdG levels in TA fluid were persistently increased from Day 1 to Day 28 of life in the BPD group. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that BPD was significantly associated with gestational age, respiratory distress syndrome, and TA Hsp-70 and 8-OHdG levels on post-natal Day 28. The TA Hsp-70 level positively correlated with TA 8-OHdG level on the Day 1 (r = 0.47) and Day 28 of life (r = 0.68). Incubation of recombinant Hsp-70 with primary epithelial cells derived from TA of patients decreased hydrogen peroxide-induced epithelial cell death. Conclusions Hsp-70 levels are associated with a state of oxidative injury in the development of BPD.Introduction This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the national school-based intervention on both obesity and high blood pressure in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. Methods The national school-based cluster non-randomized controlled trial was done in seven provinces from September 2013 to February 2014. A total of 23,175 children and adolescents in the control group and 25,702 in the intervention group were included in this trial with a mean follow-up of 6.7 ± 0.9 months. Mixed-effects regression models were used to evaluate the effect of the interventions on body weight and blood pressure (BP). Results A significant upward in the body mass index (BMI) levels but downward in systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), BMI Z-scores, SBP Z-scores, and DBP Z-scores were witnessed in the intervention group compared to those in the control group ( less then 0.001). Subgroup analyses presented significant intervention effects in children aged 6-12 years for BMI, SBP, DBP, and their standardized values Z-scores, but no effective results were found in adolescents aged 13-18 years. Stratification analyses based on the dynamic weight changes presented non-differential HBP, SHBP, and DHBP prevalence gaps between the control and intervention groups. Children aged 6-12 years with higher BMI percentiles at baseline presented obvious declines in SBP and DBP standardized values Z-scores. Conclusion A mean 6-month multi-centered school-based comprehensive obesity intervention in China yields a small to null effect on obesity and hypertension with increasing age; the early age before 12 years may be the key period for interventions, and the younger, the better. Precise and high-intensity interventions targeting the population at different stages of childhood and adolescence are urgently needed to be developed. Clinical Trial Registration https//www.clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT02343588.Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer, is an aggressive tumor with a high mortality rate because of the limited systemic and locoregional treatment modalities. The development and progression of HCC depend on epigenetic changes that result in the activation or inhibition of some signaling pathways. The mTOR signaling pathway is essential for many pathophysiological processes and is considered a major regulator of cancer. Increasing evidence has shown that epigenetics plays a key role in HCC biology by regulating the mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, epigenetic regulation through the mTOR signaling pathway to diagnose and treat HCC will become a very promising strategy. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is a one of the more common hereditary autosomal disorders. However, osteomalacia in neurofibromatosis type 1 is very rare tumour-induced osteomalacia; fibroblast growth factor-23 is usually implicated. We report the case of a patient with a history of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis who presented with hypophosphataemic osteomalacia. The patient was treated with high-dose calcitriol and oral phosphate with clinical improvement. Even though it is a rare entity, we must consider the diagnosis of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia in patients with neurofibromatosis in order to deliver appropriate treatment. Osteomalacia during von Recklinghausen disease is a rare presentation of an uncommon condition and has a poorly understood mechanism.The treatment of oncogenic osteomalacia includes tumour removal which, however, is not always possible.Administration of calcitriol alone is not sufficient and phosphorus intake is mandatory to improve symptoms.

Drivers with a greater rating discrepancy were likely to drive faster around an intersection with a stop sign. This discrepancy was also related to a low entropy rate (low randomness in head rotation) around a signalized T-junction. These findings based on on-road driving assessments provide credible evidence of performance overestimation by older drivers. Furthermore, the results suggest that making older drivers recognize the evaluative criteria might be effective for reducing the discrepancy between self-assessments and expert assessments. It was also suggested that improving the accuracy of one's self-assessment had the potential to improve driving behaviors such as choice of speed and scanning behavior.Speed pedelecs (s-pedelecs) are electric bicycles offering pedal assistance up to 45 km/h. S-pedelecs may contribute to a more efficient and green traffic system. However, their potential to reach high speeds has raised road safety concerns. In the Netherlands a new legislation bans s-pedelecs from bicycle paths in urban areas. On the roads with a maximum speed limit of 50 km/h with adjacent bicycle paths, s-pedelec riders must use the roadways instead of the bicycle path. The impact of this legislation on the behaviour of s-pedelec riders and other road users as well as the possible consequences for road safety are yet unknown. Therefore, this naturalistic riding study investigated the safety-relevant behaviours of s-pedelec riders, i.e. speed characteristics while riding on the roadway, the extent of non-compliance with the ban on using bicycle paths, and speed and speed adaptation while using bicycle paths. Furthermore the study explored factors possibly influencing rider behaviour (the s-pedelec's motor-pof 500 W types to the roadways.Road markings are prevalent in practice as perceptual countermeasures to crashes, and a great deal of them have been used for speed reduction. However, there is rare seen any equivalent measures especially for distance control. More importantly, the visual perceptual mechanism of road markings on driving behaviors and crash risk is still blur. Given this, in the present study, we comprehensively quantified the effects of reverse linear perspective (RLP) from its origin as a visual cue, produced by a kind of transverse line markings on road, and explored the effects on car-following behaviors and crash risk variations by path analyses imbedded in a structural equations model, which was approximated with naturalistic driving and traffic flow data. In the model, multiple sources of observed factors in visual perception, driver behaviors, and traffic flow characteristics, and exogenous unobserved factors of distance risk perception, speed risk perception, and platoon risk status were comprehensively structured tovariation, respectively; (4) vehicle crash risk variation and platoon crash risk variation were equivalently specified by those observed explanatory factors. The findings of this study suggest the usefulness and importance of understanding the contribution of psychological factors on crash risk, and emphasize that the road markings can be an effective and readily practical countermeasure in easing traffic safety issues.During the COVID-19 stay-at-home period there were observed increases in both the percentage of cars engaged in extreme speeding, and the percentage of cars traveling below the speed limit. These changes have been attributed to unusually low traffic volume during the stay-at-home period. We develop a novel theoretical account, based on existing empirical research, of perceptual and psychological processes that may account for changes in speeding behavior under low traffic volume conditions. These include impaired ability to accurately perceive and control speed due to change in visual information, decreased salience of certain norms about socially appropriate speeds, lower perceived risk of speeding, and increased boredom leading to risk-taking behaviors. Further, we consider that individual attitude functions may account for the observed split in speeding behavior.Roadside Drug Testing (RDT) is the primary strategy utilised in Australia to detect and deter drug driving. RDT operations have been expanding and evolving in Queensland since their introduction in 2007, with the number of tests increasing by 5.63 times between 2009 and 2019. The objective of this paper was to explore trends and characteristics of the 60,551 positive results detected in Queensland's RDT program (from January 2015 to June 2020), which focuses on the detection of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine (MA). The analysis indicated that (over the entire testing period) MA was the most common drug detected in isolation (39.4%), followed by THC (34%) and the combination of MA and THC (21.9%). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-04691502.html When considering detections with two or more drugs, MA was present in 64% of detections, THC in 59% and MDMA in 1.8%. THC was most commonly detected among younger drivers (e.g., aged 16 to 24), while MA was most commonly detected with drivers aged 25 and 59 years. Analysis of sociodemographic and contextual factors revealed that positive roadside tests were most commonly associated with males who had consumed methamphetamines, aged between 30 and 39 who were driving a car on a Friday or Saturday between 200 pm and 600 pm. The findings provide some indication as to the extent of drug driving within Queensland (and growing use of MA) and have clear implications for enforcement activities, not least, directing sufficient resources to address the burgeoning problem. Blue light can directly penetrate the lens and reach the retina to induce retinal damage, causing dry age-related macular degeneration (dAMD). Cynaroside (Cyn), a flavonoid glycoside, was proved to alleviate the oxidative damage of retinal cells in vitro. However, whether or not Cyn also exerts protective effect on blue light-induced retinal degeneration and its mechanisms of action are unclear. This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of Cyn against blue-light induced retinal degeneration and its underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Blue light-induced N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E)-laden adult retinal pigment epithelial-19 (ARPE-19) cell damage and retinal damage in SD rats were respectively used to evaluate the protective effects of Cyn on retinal degeneration in vitro and in vivo. MTT assay and AnnexinV-PI double staining assay were used to evaluate the in vitro efficacy. Histological analysis, TUNEL assay, and fundus imaging were conducted to evaluate the in vivo efficacy.

24, p less then 0.001). In all three disease subtypes, patients in CR at allo-HSCT tended to have a lower cumulative incidence of relapse than did those in non-CR (T-ALL 13.6 % vs. 50.0 %, p = 0.10; T-LBL 20.0 % vs. 50.0 %, p = 0.21; B-ALL 10.0 % vs. 56.0 %, p less then 0.01). Thus, the outcomes of allo-HSCT for T-ALL/LBL were comparable to those of Ph-negative B-ALL. Irrespective of the disease subtypes, achieving CR before allo-HSCT was associated with a favorable OS. Further advances in chemotherapy before allo-HSCT and defining the optimal timing of allo-HSCT would improve the prognosis of patients with T-ALL/LBL.Contamination of aquatic habitats by endocrine disruptor chemicals is a major concern globally. This study evaluated histochemical, behavioral, and reproductive effects on adult male Poecilia vivipara sampled from Capibaribe River Estuarine System (CRES), compared to laboratory control males after breeding with virgin control females. CRES is contaminated by a mixture of estrogenic contaminants estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-Ethinylestradiol, bisphenol A and caffeine in concentrations averaging 13.9; 4.2; 19.5; 8.6; 27 and 23.2 ng L-1, respectively. Estrogenic risk in 17β-estradiol-equivalent-concentrations is above probable no effect concentrations. Males sampled from CRES indicated liver phosphoprotein induction, decreased number of contacts and copulation attempts when paired with control females, slower swimming speed and lower female impregnation success rates, compared to control males. A reduction of 62% in fecundity was observed in control females paired with field sampled males compared with control males. Our results highlight hazards posed to fish reproduction by estrogenic micropollutants.Ocean acidification is becoming a potential threat to marine animals. The present study investigated the effect of seawater acidification on Artemia franciscana. A. franciscana cysts were allowed to hatch at different pH levels of pH 8.2 (control), 7.8, and 6.8. After 48 h incubation, the hatching percentage was significantly reduced in acidified seawater compared to that in control. Further, the hatched Artemia nauplii from each pH treatment were transferred to freshly acidified seawater for chronic study for 15 days. At the end of the experiment, survival, growth, and biochemical constituents were significantly decreased in Artemia at pH 7.8 and 6.8 compared to that in control, which indicates the adverse effects of acidified seawater on Artemia. The antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and metabolic enzymes were significantly elevated in A. franciscana exposed to acidified seawater compared to that in control, which shows oxidative and metabolic stress on A. franciscana under acidified environment.Plastic debris in the coastal environment is subject to complex and poorly characterized weathering processes. To better understand how key environmental factors affect plastic degradation in a coastal zone, we conducted an in situ experiment. We deployed strips of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polystyrene (PS) in paired coastal areas of contrasting conditions (hydrodynamic activity erosional or depositional; water depths subtidal or intertidal). Strips were collected after environmental exposures at 4, 8, and 43 weeks and analyzed for change in mass, algal biofilm growth, and imaged by petrographic and electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). Significant surface erosion was evident on both polymers, and was more rapid and more extensive with PS. Degradation of PS was responsive to intensity of hydrodynamic activity, and was greater at intertidal depths, highlighting the critical role played by photo-oxidation in the coastal zone, and suggesting that algal biofilms may slow degradation by playing a photo-protective role.Surface microplastics were sampled monthly in four tropical bays (Manzanillo, Santiago, Navidad and Cuastecomates) of the central Mexican Pacific during March 2017 to February 2018. Microplastic concentrations ranged between 0.01 and 1.05 particles/m2 with a median per bay ranging between 0.26 and 0.40 particles/m2. Raman spectroscopy registered polypropylene (40%), polyethylene (40%) and polyester (20%) polymers. Fibers dominated all samples, except for Manzanillo where fragments numerically dominated during the rainy season (Jun-Oct). Fiber concentration was not significantly different among bays or seasons, likely associated with continuous wastewater discharge. Fragment concentrations were significantly higher in Bahía Manzanillo and Santiago than the other two bays. Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed distinct distribution of Manzanillo samples (which has important port activities) as compared to Santiago, Navidad, Cuastecomates (where tourism economic activities predominate). This first direct comparison of sea surface microplastic concentration among four bays in Mexico provides a baseline to study impacts on marine zooplankton in this tropical ecosystem. To evaluate the potential feasibility of Al[ F]F-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triaceticacid (NOTA)-tripolyethylene glycol (PEG )-Duramycin (Al[ F]F-NOTA-PEG -Duramycin) positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging of rat hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis rat models were injected with thioacetamide (TAA), control rats received saline (n = 12 per group). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cx-4945-silmitasertib.html Rats in the two groups underwent PET imaging using Al[ F]F-NOTA-PEG -Duramycin and [ F]FDG at multiple time points (2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after TAA or saline treatment). Between-group differences in the apoptosis rate, fibrotic activity, and liver uptake of Al[ F]F-NOTA-PEG -Duramycin or [ F]FDG were assessed using Student's t-test. Imaging results were cross-validated using histopathology detection and Pearson's correlation test was used to assess the association relationships between radioactive uptake value and quantified histopathological data. Compared with control group at multiple time points, each TAA group showed a higher radioactiven of antifibrotic therapy are expected.The aim was to examine the psychological effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women, as well as the factors influencing these effects. The study design was cross-sectional and the participants were 200 pregnant women. The first group called the Pandemic Group (PG) included 100 women who were evaluated with psychological assessment instruments during the COVID-19 pandemic. The second group titled Pre-Pandemic Group (PPG) consisted of 100 women who were evaluated prior to the pandemic. Perceived stress, prenatal concerns and psychopathological symptoms were evaluated and compared. Pandemic Group scored significantly higher than Pre-Pandemic Group in the depression dimension of the SCL-90, in the phobic anxiety dimension, and in the Perceived Stress Scale. In addition, insomnia, along with having recently suffered the loss of a loved one explained 25% of the score variance in the depression dimension of the SCL-90. Insomnia also explained 13% of the variance of the results found in the Perceived Stress Scale.

The identification of human remains can be performed visually through families and next-of-kin, but it is not advisable to rely only on visual recognition; instead, it is preferable to conduct a forensic comparison of antemortem and postmortem data for primary identifiers (fingerprints, DNA, and dental data). A dental autopsy is particularly valuable in the identification process of skeletonized, carbonized, saponified, and fragmented human remains. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pri-724.html The principal challenge in the identification process is the search and collection of antemortem data. To this end, all dental information held on a missing person can represent a precious source of individualizing information that families should share with the police or investigating agencies after reporting a disappearance. In spite of the importance of green space for reducing obesity-related problems, there has been little exploration of whether access to green space (e.g., parks and recreational facilities) influences the obesity rate of adults in the United States. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships among accessibility of green space, obesity rates, and socioeconomic and demographic variables among adults living in the State of Indiana, United States. We conducted a secondary data analysis to investigate the relationships among accessibility to green space, obesity rates, and socio-demographic variables with employing Geographic Information System in order to measure the accessibility of green space. This study found that accessibility of green space served as a strong predictor of reduced obesity rates among adults (β=-2.478; p<0.10). In addition, adults with higher education levels, as well as better access to green space, were found to have even lower obesity rates (β=-0.188; p<0.05). Other control variables such as unemployment rates, food security, and physical inactivity are additional factors that influence obesity rates among adults. Accessibility of green space may play an important role in facilitating physical activity participation and reducing obesity rates. Accessibility of green space may play an important role in facilitating physical activity participation and reducing obesity rates. Physical inactivity is the fourth leading global risk factor for mortality, followed by obesity. The combination of these risk factors is associated with non-communicable diseases, impaired physical function, and declining mental function. The World Health Organization recommends physical activity to reduce the mortality rate. Thus, this study examined the effects on anthropometric measurements of a 12-week walking program for elderly people in Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia with a 7000-step goal and weekly group walking activities. A quasi-experimental study was conducted involving 109 elderly people with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m2. BMI, body composition, and average daily steps were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, and repeated-measures analysis of variance with the paired t-test for post-hoc analysis was conducted. In total, 48 participants in the intervention group and 61 participants in the control group completed the study. A significant interaction was found between time and group. The post-hoc analysis showed a significant difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention (within the intervention group). The post-intervention analysis revealed an increase in the mean number of daily steps by 3571.59, with decreases in body weight (-2.20 kg), BMI (-0.94 kg/m2), body fat percentage (-3.52%), visceral fat percentage (-1.29%) and waist circumference (-2.91 cm). Skeletal muscle percentage also showed a significant increase (1.67%). A 12-week walking program combining a 7000-step goals with weekly group walking activities had a significant effect on the anthropometric measurements of previously inactive and overweight/obese elderly people. A 12-week walking program combining a 7000-step goals with weekly group walking activities had a significant effect on the anthropometric measurements of previously inactive and overweight/obese elderly people. Insufficient evidence exists regarding factors that affect screening adherence among people with a family history of diabetes, who comprise roughly half of all patients with diabetes. Therefore, we aimed to identify the determinants of diabetes screening adherence in adults with a family history of diabetes who had not yet been diagnosed with diabetes. This cross-sectional study was conducted at selected urban primary healthcare facilities in Tehran, Iran. The study population was clinically non-diabetic adults above 20 years of age with a family history of diabetes in at least 1 first-degree relative. All eligible people identified on randomly-selected days of the month were invited to join the study. Among 408 participants, 128 (31.4%) had received a fasting blood glucose check during the last year. Using binary logistic regression, the independent predictors of screening adherence were knowledge of adverse effects of diabetes such as sexual disorders (odds ratio [OR], 3.05) and renal failure (OR, 2.73), the impact of family members' advice on receiving diabetes screening (OR, 2.03), recommendation from a healthcare provider to have a fasting blood glucose check (OR, 2.61), and intention to have a fasting blood glucose check within the next 6 months (OR, 2.85). Other variables that predicted screening adherence were age (OR, 1.05), job (being a housekeeper; OR, 3.39), and having a college degree (OR, 3.55). Knowledge of the adverse effects of diabetes, physicians' and healthcare providers' advice about the benefits of early disease detection, and family members' advice were independent predictors of screening adherence. Knowledge of the adverse effects of diabetes, physicians' and healthcare providers' advice about the benefits of early disease detection, and family members' advice were independent predictors of screening adherence. This study investigated the relationship between sleep quality during pregnancy and preterm birth. This longitudinal study was conducted between August 2018 and May 2019. The participants were 150 pregnant women who had been referred to 7 healthcare centers in the city of Qazvin, Iran and met the inclusion criteria. The Petersburg Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and 2 questions about daytime sleep status and a demographic questionnaire were administered at 14-18 weeks and 28-32 weeks of gestation. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test, the Fisher exact test, and univariate and multivariable logistic regression. In the present study, poor sleep quality affected 84.7% of the participants at 14-18 weeks and 93.3% at 28-32 weeks of gestation. The final model for preterm birth prediction incorporated age and the Petersburg Sleep Quality Index score in the second and third trimesters. Preterm birth increased by 14% with each unit increase in age. With each unit increase in the Petersburg Sleep Quality Index score in the second and third trimesters, preterm birth increased by 42% and 28%, respectively, but the p-values of these factors were not significant.

The proposed approach provides an alternative insight into the conditional distribution of an exposure outcome for repeated measures models. The proposed approach provides an alternative insight into the conditional distribution of an exposure outcome for repeated measures models.Asthma is an allergic inflammatory lung disease affecting nearly 300 million people worldwide. To better understand asthma, new regulators must be identified. We conducted a study to investigate the effect and mechanisms of action of surfactant protein A (SPA) in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. Treatment with SPA delayed the onset of asthma, decreased its severity, as well as notably suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, SPA-treated mice possessed more leukocytes; more CD4+ T cells infiltrated the spleen in the SPA-treated mice than in the control mice, and there were decreased percentages of Th1 and Th17 cells in vivo. In addition, expression levels of the T-bet (Th1 transcription factor) and RORγt (Th17 transcription factor) genes were significantly downregulated by SPA treatment. Moreover, SPA reduced the production and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in activated T cells in vivo. Mechanistically, SPA could inhibit STAT1/4 and STAT3 phosphorylation, resulting in the differentiation of Th1 and suppression of Th17 cells, respectively. In the presence of CD3/CD28 expression, STAT1/4 and STAT3 were activated but suppressed by SPA, which was responsible for the augmentation of Th1 and Th17 differentiation. This result showed that SPA can effectively modulate the JAK/STAT pathway by suppressing Th1 and Th17 differentiation, thus preventing asthma. The present study reveals the novel immunomodulatory activity of SPA and highlights the importance of further investigating the effects of SPA on asthma.The Gibco™ CTS™ Rotea™ Counterflow Centrifugation System is an automated cell processing device developed for manufacturing cell therapy products. The developer (Scinogy Pty Ltd) collaborated with Thermo Fisher Scientific to successfully launch the product in late 2020, completing product development from concept to international sales in less then 3years. This article describes the origin story of the Rotea system and how a chance meeting between a co-inventor of the Rotea system and an academic cell biologist took the invention from a garage workshop to the world stage. We describe the contribution of academic research to the innovation value chain and importance of academic institutions being industry-ready to support such collaborations.Tumor-associated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a natural target for vaccines against colorectal cancers. Our previous experience with a DNA vaccine with scFv6.C4, a CEA surrogate, showed a CEA-specific immune response with 40% of tumor-free mice after challenge with B16F10-CEA and 47% with MC38-CEA cells. These percentages increased to 63% after using FrC as an adjuvant. To further enhance the vaccine efficacy, we tested GM-CSF and IFNγ as adjuvants. C57BL/6J-CEA2682 mice were immunized 4 times with uP-PS/scFv6.C4, uP-PS/scFv6.C4 + uP-IFNγ, or uP-PS/scFv6.C4 + uP-GMCSF. After one week, the mice were challenged with MC38-CEA, and tumor growth was monitored over 100 days. Immunization with scFv6.C4 and scFv6.C4 + GM-CSF resulted in a gradual increase in the anti-CEA antibody titer, while scFv6.C4 + IFNγ immunization led to a rapid and sustained increase in the titer. The addition of IFNγ also induced higher CD4 + and CD8 + responses. When challenged, almost 80% of the scFv6.C4 + IFNγ-vaccinated mice did not develop tumors, while the others had a significant tumor growth delay. The probability of being tumor-free was 2700% higher using scFv6.C4 + IFNγ than scFv6.C4. The addition of GM-CSF had no additional effect on tumor protection. DNA immunization with scFv6.C4 + IFNγ, but not GM-CSF, increased the antitumor effect via readily sustained specific humoral and cytotoxic responses to CEA.Nowadays, nano-compartments are considered as an effective drug delivery system (DDS) for cancer therapy. Targeted delivery of therapeutic agents is an advantageous approach by which cancer cells can be targeted without harming normal cells, and eliminates the negative effects of conventional therapies such as chemotherapy. In this research, a novel zinc-based nanoscale metal-organic framework (Zn-NMOF) coated with folic acid (FA) functionalized chitosan (CS) has been constructed and applied as efficient delivery of LNA (locked nucleic acid)-antisense miR-224 to colon cancer cell lines. LNA-antisense miR-224 as a therapeutic sequence was able to considerably block highly expressed miR-224 and downregulated cancer cell growth. The prepared nano-complex was characterized by analytical devices such as FT-IR, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, DLS, TEM, and XRD. The size range of NMOF-CS-FA-LNA-antisense miR-224 (MCFL224) nano-complex was obtained nearly at 200 nm. The entrapment efficiency of LNA-antisense miR-224 was calculated 72 ± 5% and a significant release profile of LNA-antisense miR-224 was observed at first 6 h (about 50%). Then, in vitro assays were implemented on HCT116 (folic acid receptor-positive colon cancer cell line) and CRL1831 (normal colon cell line) to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of the MCFL224 nano-complex. In these investigations, decreased cell viability (14.22 ± 0.3% after 72 h treatment), increased apoptotic and autophagy-related genes expression level (BECLIN1 34-folds, BAX 36-folds, mTORC1 10-folds, and Caspase-9 9-folds more than control), higher cell cycle arrest in sub-G1 phase (19.53% of cells in sub-G1 phase), and more apoptosis analyses (late apoptosis 67.7%) were evaluated in colon cancer cells treated with MCFL224 nano-complex. Results remarkably indicate the inhibited growth of colon cancer cells and induced cell apoptosis which suggests MCFL224 as a promising nanocomposite for colon cancer therapy.Many plant pathogenic fungi contain conditionally dispensable (CD) chromosomes that are associated with virulence, but not growth in vitro. Virulence-associated CD chromosomes carry genes encoding effectors and/or host-specific toxin biosynthesis enzymes that may contribute to determining host specificity. Fusarium oxysporum causes devastating diseases of more than 100 plant species. Among a large number of host-specific forms, F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Focn) can infect Brassicaceae plants including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and cabbage. Here we show that Focn has multiple CD chromosomes. We identified specific CD chromosomes that are required for virulence on Arabidopsis, cabbage, or both, and describe a pair of effectors encoded on one of the CD chromosomes that is required for suppression of Arabidopsis-specific phytoalexin-based immunity. The effector pair is highly conserved in F. oxysporum isolates capable of infecting Arabidopsis, but not of other plants. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-04691502.html This study provides insight into how host specificity of F.

On the MAHNOB-HCI and DEAP datasets, the proposed method is tested based on the MATLAB simulation platform. Experimental results show that the attention mechanism can enhance the visual effect of the image, and compared with other methods, the proposed method can extract emotion features from expressions and EEG signals more effectively, and the accuracy of emotion recognition is higher.Semantic segmentation plays a crucial role in cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) image analysis. Although supervised deep learning methods have made significant performance improvements, they highly rely on a large amount of pixel-wise annotated data, which are often unavailable in clinical practices. Besides, top-performing methods usually have a vast number of parameters, which result in high computation complexity for model training and testing. This study addresses cardiac image segmentation in scenarios where few labeled data are available with a lightweight cross-consistency network named LCC-Net. Specifically, to reduce the risk of overfitting on small labeled datasets, we substitute computationally intensive standard convolutions with a lightweight module. To leverage plenty of unlabeled data, we introduce extreme consistency learning, which enforces equivariant constraints on the predictions of different perturbed versions of the input image. Cutting and mixing different training images, as an extreme perturbation on both the labeled and unlabeled data, are utilized to enhance the robust representation learning. Extensive comparisons demonstrate that the proposed model shows promising performance with high annotation- and computation-efficiency. With only two annotated subjects for model training, the LCC-Net obtains a performance gain of 14.4% in the mean Dice over the baseline U-Net trained from scratch.A computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system that employs a super learner to diagnose the presence or absence of a disease has been developed. Each clinical dataset is preprocessed and split into training set (60%) and testing set (40%). A wrapper approach that uses three bioinspired algorithms, namely, cat swarm optimization (CSO), krill herd (KH) ,and bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) with the classification accuracy of support vector machine (SVM) as the fitness function has been used for feature selection. The selected features of each bioinspired algorithm are stored in three separate databases. The features selected by each bioinspired algorithm are used to train three back propagation neural networks (BPNN) independently using the conjugate gradient algorithm (CGA). Classifier testing is performed by using the testing set on each trained classifier, and the diagnostic results obtained are used to evaluate the performance of each classifier. The classification results obtained for each instance of the testing set of the three classifiers and the class label associated with each instance of the testing set will be the candidate instances for training and testing the super learner. The training set comprises of 80% of the instances, and the testing set comprises of 20% of the instances. Experimentation has been carried out using seven clinical datasets from the University of California Irvine (UCI) machine learning repository. The super learner has achieved a classification accuracy of 96.83% for Wisconsin diagnostic breast cancer dataset (WDBC), 86.36% for Statlog heart disease dataset (SHD), 94.74% for hepatocellular carcinoma dataset (HCC), 90.48% for hepatitis dataset (HD), 81.82% for vertebral column dataset (VCD), 84% for Cleveland heart disease dataset (CHD), and 70% for Indian liver patient dataset (ILP).With the rapid development of science and technology, ultrasound has been paid more and more attention by people, and it is widely used in engineering, diagnosis, and detection. In this paper, an ultrasonic image recognition method based on immune algorithm is proposed for ultrasonic images, and its method is applied to medical ultrasound liver image recognition. Firstly, this paper grays out the ultrasound liver image and selects the region of interest of the image. Secondly, it extracts the feature based on spatial gray matrix independent matrix, spatial frequency decomposition, and fractal features. Then, the immune algorithm is used to classify and identify the normal liver, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer ultrasound images. Finally, based on the deficiency of the immune algorithm, it is combined with the support vector machine to form an optimized immune algorithm, which improves the performance of ultrasonic liver image classification and recognition. The simulation shows that this paper can effectively classify the normal liver, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer ultrasound images. Compared with the traditional immune algorithm, this paper combines the immune algorithm with the support vector machine, and the optimized immune algorithm can effectively improve the performance of ultrasonic liver image classification and recognition.For the low optimization accuracy of the cuckoo search algorithm, a new search algorithm, the Elite Hybrid Binary Cuckoo Search (EHBCS) algorithm, is improved by feature weighting and elite strategy. The EHBCS algorithm has been designed for feature selection on a series of binary classification datasets, including low-dimensional and high-dimensional samples by SVM classifier. The experimental results show that the EHBCS algorithm achieves better classification performances compared with binary genetic algorithm and binary particle swarm optimization algorithm. Besides, we explain its superiority in terms of standard deviation, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F-measure.Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes major socioeconomic problems worldwide. In the United States, nearly three-quarters of patients with TBI have mild TBI (mTBI). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pluripotin-sc1.html 32% of these patients may develop dizziness. In this study, we analyzed the factor structure of the traditional Chinese version of the DHI and evaluate the differences in DHI factors between dizziness and nondizziness groups. In total, 315 patients with mTBI, comprising 158 with self-reported dizziness and 157 without dizziness, were recruited from three hospitals. The responses for Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) demonstrated between-group differences. The Chinese DHI had internal validity and had four factors that differed from the English version (3 aspects). The group effects for the physical subscale remained significantly different even after adjustments in the propensity score model. For the Chinese version, two of four factors remained significantly different in the effects between self-reported dizziness and nondizziness groups.

The additional blue fluorescence is attributed to oligomeric ureas, which was confirmed by complementary optical and structural characterization. These two components form strong hydrogen-bond networks which eventually react to form solid, semi-crystalline particles with a size of ∼7 nm and an elemental composition of 46% C, 22% N, and 29% O. The structural features and properties of all three main components were investigated in a comprehensive characterization study.Aberrant splicing of pre-mRNA is implicated in many human genetic disorders. Small molecules that target the spliceosome are important leads as therapeutics and research tools, and one compound of significant interest is the polyketide natural product pladienolide B. Here, we describe the reactivation of quiescent pladienolide B production in the domesticated lab strain Streptomyces platensis AS6200 by overexpression of the pathway-specific activator PldR. The resulting dysregulation of the biosynthetic genes led to the accumulation and isolation of five additional intermediate or shunt metabolites of pladienolide B biosynthesis, including three previously unreported congeners. These compounds likely comprise the entire pladienolide biosynthetic pathway and demonstrate the link between polyketide tailoring reactions and bioactivity, particularly the importance of the 18,19-epoxide. Each congener demonstrated specific inhibitory activity against mammalian cell lines, with successive modifications leading to increased activity (IC50 8 mM to 5 μM).Fluorogenic probes enable imaging biomolecular targets with high sensitivity and maximal signal-to-background ratio under non-wash conditions. Here, we focus on the molecular design of biotinylated dimeric squaraines that undergo aggregation-caused quenching in aqueous media through intramolecular H-type dimerization, but turn on their fluorescence in apolar environment due to target-mediated disaggregation. Our structure-property study revealed that depending on the linkers used to connect the squaraine dyes, different aggregation patterns could be obtained (intramolecular dimerization versus intermolecular aggregation) leading to different probing efficiencies. Using a relatively short l-lysine linker we developed a bright fluorogenic probe, Sq2B, displaying only intramolecular dimerization-caused quenching properties in aqueous media. The latter was successfully applied for imaging biotin receptors, in particular sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT), which are overexpressed at the surface of cancer cells. Competitive displacement with SMVT-targets, such as biotin, lipoic acid or sodium pantothenate, showed Sq2B targeting ability to SMVT. This fluorogenic probe for biotin receptors could distinguish cancer cells (HeLa and KB) from model non-cancer cell lines (NIH/3T3 and HEK293T). The obtained results provide guidelines for development of new dimerization-based fluorogenic probes and propose bright tools for imaging biotin receptors, which is particularly important for specific detection of cancer cells.Organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) are often employed for synthesis of zeolites with desired frameworks. A priori prediction of such OSDAs has mainly relied on the interaction energies between OSDAs and zeolite frameworks, without cost considerations. For practical purposes, the cost of OSDAs becomes a critical issue. Therefore, the development of a computational de novo prediction methodology that can speed up the trial-and-error cycle in the search for less expensive OSDAs is desired. This study utilized a nature-inspired ant colony optimization method to predict physicochemically and/or economically preferable OSDAs, while also taking molecular similarity and heuristics of zeolite synthesis into consideration. The prediction results included experimentally known OSDAs, candidates having structures closely related to known OSDAs, and novel ones, suggesting the applicability of this approach.A dual catalytic decarboxylative allylation and benzylation method for the construction of new C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds between readily available carboxylic acids and functionally diverse carbonate electrophiles has been developed. The new process is mild, operationally simple, and has greatly improved upon the efficiency and generality of previous methodology. In addition, new insights into the reaction mechanism have been realized and provide further understanding of the harnessed reactivity.During the last two decades, disulfide-based dynamic combinatorial chemistry has been extensively used in the field of molecular recognition to deliver artificial receptors for molecules of biological interest. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/raphin1.html Commonly, the nature of library members and their relative amounts are provided from HPLC-MS analysis of the libraries, allowing the identification of potential binders for a target (bio)molecule. By re-investigating dynamic combinatorial libraries generated from a simple 2,5-dicarboxy-1,4-dithiophenol building block in water, we herein demonstrated that multiple analytical tools were actually necessary in order to comprehensively describe the libraries in terms of size, stereochemistry, affinity, selectivity, and finally to get a true grasp on the different phenomena at work within dynamic combinatorial systems.The Diels-Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene and various α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, imine, and iminium dienophiles were quantum chemically studied using a combined density functional theory and coupled-cluster theory approach. Simple iminium catalysts accelerate the Diels-Alder reactions by lowering the reaction barrier up to 20 kcal mol-1 compared to the parent aldehyde and imine reactions. Our detailed activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal that the iminium catalysts enhance the reactivity by reducing the steric (Pauli) repulsion between the diene and dienophile, which originates from both a more asynchronous reaction mode and a more significant polarization of the π-system away from the incoming diene compared to aldehyde and imine analogs. Notably, we establish that the driving force behind the asynchronicity of the herein studied Diels-Alder reactions is the relief of destabilizing steric (Pauli) repulsion and not the orbital interaction between the terminal carbon of the dienophile and the diene, which is the widely accepted rationale.