The Bradford Hill criteria were used to determine evidence for causality. Of 54 records retrieved, after elimination of duplicates and studies not meeting inclusion criteria, 5 SRs/MAs and 3 umbrella reviews of SRs/MAs were selected. All 5 SRs/MAs reported reductions in HbA1c levels 3 months following NSPT, but effect sizes were small and 2 were not statistically significant. The 3 umbrella reviews consistently reported small reductions in HbA1c, but high levels of heterogeneity and moderate to high risk of bias. The Bradford Hill criteria failed to support a causal relationship between periodontitis and T2DM. Whether NSPT compared with no treatment in persons with T2DM improves the individual HbA1c remains unclear as does the exact nature of the relationship between periodontitis and T2DM. Whether NSPT compared with no treatment in persons with T2DM improves the individual HbA1c remains unclear as does the exact nature of the relationship between periodontitis and T2DM. Structured clinical assessments capture key information about performance that is rarely shared with the student as feedback. The purpose of this review is to describe a general framework for applying diagnostic score reporting within the context of a structured clinical assessment and to demonstrate that framework within dental hygiene. The framework was developed using current research in the areas of structured clinical assessments, test development, feedback in higher education, and diagnostic score reporting. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/oul232.html An assessment blueprint establishes valid diagnostic domains by linking clinical competencies and test items to the domains (e.g., knowledge or skills) the assessment intends to measure. Domain scores can be given to students as reports that identify strengths and weaknesses and provide information on how to improve. The framework for diagnostic score reporting was applied to a dental hygiene structured clinical assessment at the University of Alberta in 2016. Canadian dental hygiene entry-to-practice competencies guided the assessment blueprinting process, and a modified Delphi technique was used to validate the blueprint. The final report identified 4 competency-based skills relevant to the examination effective communication, client-centred care, eliciting essential information, and interpreting findings. Students received reports on their performance within each domain. Diagnostic score reporting has the potential to solve many of the issues faced by administrators, such as item confidentiality and the time-consuming nature of providing individual feedback. Diagnostic score reporting offers a promising framework for providing valid and timely feedback to all students following a structured clinical assessment. Diagnostic score reporting offers a promising framework for providing valid and timely feedback to all students following a structured clinical assessment. Diagnostic score reporting is one method of providing feedback to all students following a structured clinical assessment but its effect on learning has not been studied. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of this feedback on student reflection and performance following a dental hygiene assessment. In 2016, dental hygiene students at the University of Alberta participated in a mock structured clinical assessment during which they were randomly assigned to receive a diagnostic score report (intervention group) or an overall percentage grade of performance (control group). The students later reflected upon their performance and took their regularly scheduled structured clinical assessment. Reflections underwent content analysis by diagnostic domains (eliciting essential information, effective communication, client-centred care, and interpreting findings). Results were analysed for group differences. Students performed best on eliciting essential information (92%) and poorest on interpreting findings (42%). The intervention group was more likely to view interpreting findings as a weakness, = 0.007, while the control group was more likely to view eliciting essential information as a weakness, = 0.04. No differences were found on the actual assessment scores, > 0.05. Students who received diagnostic score reporting appeared to reflect more accurately upon their weaknesses. However, this knowledge did not translate into improved performance. Modifications and enhancements to the report may be necessary before an effect on performance will be seen. Diagnostic score reporting is a promising feedback method that may aid student reflection. More research is needed to determine if these reports can improve performance. Diagnostic score reporting is a promising feedback method that may aid student reflection. More research is needed to determine if these reports can improve performance. The purpose of this research study was to develop and pilot test a culturally and linguistically appropriate oral hygiene self-care photonovel for Punjabi immigrants. Purposeful sampling technique was used to recruit 5 members of a Punjabi community organization (the Sikh Women's Association of Montreal) for participation in 3 focus group sessions in August 2015. A thematic content analysis approach was used to sort the data, enabling identification of the storyline and photonovel contents from the themes that emerged. Comic Life 3 version 3.1.1 software was used to create a "Safeguard Your Smile" (SYS) photonovel, which was printed for pilot testing. Ten additional participants were recruited for this pilot testing, enabling further revision of the photonovel based on their suggestions. Four major themes emerged from the focus group discussions 1) lack of understanding of oral hygiene self-care and risk factors; 2) lack of oral hygiene self-care-related awareness and routine; 3) lack of emphasis on prevention by oral health care providers; and 4) perceived barriers to accessing dental health care. Thematic content analysis revealed a lack of knowledge of oral hygiene self-care skills and routine. Guided by these overarching themes, a final version of the photonovel script was created including photographs of key characters. The photonovel was subsequently printed for pilot testing. Pilot test results revealed close to 80% of participants agreed that the SYS photonovel was culturally and linguistically appropriate and easy to understand. A culturally and linguistically appropriate photonovel may be a useful tool for enhancing oral hygiene self-care knowledge among ethnic communities. Further studies are required to test the effectiveness of such a tool. A culturally and linguistically appropriate photonovel may be a useful tool for enhancing oral hygiene self-care knowledge among ethnic communities. Further studies are required to test the effectiveness of such a tool.