SPs' performance was monitored to ensure consistency. Evaluation of differences in quality and quantity of feedback provided by SPs and VCTs was performed using thematic analysis and chi-squared tests. Student feedback on the use of SPs was obtained on completion of the study.Results Qualitative thematic analysis revealed six overarching themes emerging from 64 sets of feedback. SPs gave significantly more feedback, both positive comments and comments with recommendations, than VCTs for the (a) total number of comments for each theme (p = 0.0000) and (b) detail and depth of these comments. Students reported that SPs commented on aspects of communication (e.g., establishing rapport and body language) not noted by VCTs.Conclusions Unannounced SPs can provide enhanced feedback on communication skills to final-year undergraduate optometry students. Students greatly valued VCTs feedback; however, they felt SPs commented on elements of communication not noted by VCTs.Grand rounds have evolved since inception in the early 1900s and subsequently, there has been a continual debate surrounding the best purpose for the time-honoured event. However, the purpose of grand rounds can be broadened to meet the needs of the medical community today, especially at a time where there is great distribution of medical practitioners and learners geographically and events such as COVID-19, which prevent the community from physically gathering. Using the evidence and lessons available from the literature we developed a grand rounds series with goals and objectives suited to our context. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CHIR-258.html In this guide we provide twelve tips covering goal planning, logistics, presentation preparation and presentation delivery in order to illustrate how one could organize an informed grand rounds which is successful contextually.Glaucoma is the most common form of irreversible blindness in the world. Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only clinically established method of treatment to slow the progression of glaucoma. Primary open angle glaucoma is a disease of the optic nerve head and often is associated with changes to the trabecular meshwork that cause a reduction to aqueous humour outflow and an increase in intraocular pressure. Until recently, topical IOP lowering medication has been limited to the mechanisms of action of decreasing aqueous production and/or redirecting outflow to the unconventional uveoscleral outflow pathway. Both of these mechanisms neglect to treat or act on tissue that becomes altered from glaucoma. Latanoprostene-bunod 0.024%, a nitric-oxide donating prostanoid, netarsudil 0.02%, a potent Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, and a once daily dosed fixed combination medication with netarsudil 0.02% and latanoprost 0.005% have recently come on the market. This paper will discuss and review the limitations to traditional IOP lowering glaucoma medications as well as the mechanism of actions and clinical efficacy of the new glaucoma medications. It will also discuss how the new class of glaucoma medications might help to overcome some known limitations in treatment and barriers to patient adherence.Strenuous exercise increases gastrointestinal damage, but the dose-response relationship is yet to be elucidated. It is also commonly believed that running causes greater gastrointestinal damage than cycling. Two randomised, cross-over studies aimed to 1) quantify gastrointestinal damage with increasing exercise intensity, and 2) determine if running was associated with greater gastrointestinal damage than cycling. Following a V̇O2max test, participants completed three cycling trials at different intensities (60min at 40%, 60% and 80% V̇O2max; n=10 (5 female, 5 male)) (INTENSITY), or one running and one cycling trial (45min at 70% V̇O2max; n=11 (3 female, 8 male)) (MODE). Venous blood samples were collected pre- and post- exercise to measure gastrointestinal damage via intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP). In INTENSITY, I-FABP magnitude of change was greater at 80% V̇O2max than 40% V̇O2max (p less then 0.01). In MODE, I-FABP magnitude of change was greater with cycling (mean (SD)) (84.7 (133.2)% d=1.07) compared to running (19.3 (33.1)%, d=0.65) with a moderate effect (d=0.68, p=0.024). RPE and HR were higher during cycling (RPE p less then 0.0001; HR p less then 0.0001) but rectal temperature was not different between modes (p=0.94). While gastrointestinal damage increases with increasing exercise intensity, running was not associated with greater gastrointestinal damage than cycling. Novelty Bullets •A fraction of the anaerobic threshold, rather than a fraction of V̇O2max, may be more predictive of intensity that results in exercise induced gastrointestinal damage •The mode of exercise may not be as important as intensity for inducing gastrointestinal damage •Improving anaerobic threshold may reduce susceptibility to gastrointestinal damage when exercising at high intensities.Dairy snacks are available in various physical forms and their consumption is linked to improved metabolic health. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dairy snacks of different physical forms on short-term food intake (FI), subjective appetite, and the stress hormone, cortisol, in children. Following a repeated-measures crossover design, 40 children aged 9-14 y randomly consumed one of five isoenergetic (180 kcal) snacks per study session. These snacks included solid potato chips, cookies, and cheese, semi-solid Greek yogurt, and fluid 2% fat milk snacks. FI was measured 120 min after snack consumption. Subjective appetite was measured at 0 (immediately before the snack), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. Salivary cortisol (n=18) was measured after the Greek yogurt and cookie snacks at 0 , 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. FI did not differ between snacks (P=0.15). The Greek yogurt (P less then 0.0001) and cheese (P=0.0009) snacks reduced average appetite compared to the 2% fat milk snack. Salivary cortisol levels were not affected by snack (P=0.84). This study demonstrates that dairy snacks are as effective as other popular snacks at influencing subsequent FI however, solid and semi-solid dairy snacks are more effective at repressing subjective appetite than a fluid dairy snack. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02484625). Novelty bullets • Milk, Greek yogurt and cheese has a similar effect on short-term food intake in children as popular potato chips and cookies. • Solid, semi-solid and liquid snacks have a similar effect on short-term food intake in children.