Research has shown that many patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are not adherent to their medication regimen. To examine the association between adherence to insulin therapy and all-cause health care costs for patients with T2D. This study used the IQVIA PharMetrics Plus Linkable to Ambulatory Electronic Medical Record data from January 1, 2012, through September 30, 2017. Patients were included if they were identified with T2D and initiated therapy on basal insulin (BAS) or basal-bolus (BAS-BOL) combination at any time from January 1, 2013, through October 1, 2016. Patients aged < 18 years, who used an insulin pump, identified as pregnant, or did not have continuous insurance coverage from 1 year before initiation on insulin therapy through 1 year after initiation were excluded. Descriptive statistics compared patient characteristics and costs (in U.S. 2017 dollars) between patients who were adherent or nonadherent to their insulin therapy in the 1-year postperiod, where adherence was defined as hae for study design and execution. Bajpai, Eby, Faries, and Haynes are employees and own stock in Eli Lilly and Company. Lage received compensation from Eli Lilly and Company for her work on this research project. Adults with cerebral palsy (CP) have increased risk for developing various secondary chronic diseases, especially when they have other neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs). Multiple medications are likely prescribed to manage the greater morbidity-related burden for adults with CP; however, because health care delivery and care coordination is suboptimal for this population, adults with CP may have an increased risk for polypharmacy. To date, very little is known about the prescribing practices and extent of polypharmacy for adults with CP. To determine the prevalence and adjusted odds of polypharmacy among adults with CP only and those with CP+NDDs, compared with adults without CP. Data from 2017 Optum Clinformatics Data Mart, a U.S. private administrative database, was used for this retrospective cohort study. Diagnosis codes were used to identify adults (aged ≥ 18 years) with CP, NDDs (e.g., intellectual disabilities, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorders), and 24 relevant morbidities. Polypharmathors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Whitney was supported by the University of Michigan Office of Health Equity and Inclusion Diversity Fund and the American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine. These funding sources had no role in the design or conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Despite widespread use of manufacturer-sponsored prescription drug coupons and pharmacy network discount cards (i.e., direct-to-consumer prescription coupons), little is known about community pharmacists' experiences, perceptions, and knowledge of coupon cards. To identify community pharmacists' experiences, perceptions, and knowledge of prescription coupons. An 11-item telephonic survey was conducted from August 2018 to March 2019. Eligible respondents included English-speaking pharmacists employed during the survey period in a community pharmacy physically located in Connecticut. Data were analyzed via descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). One-way ANOVAs were conducted to test the relationship between the respondents' practice types, the average daily volume of coupons processed, and the average time needed to process each coupon. The responses were based on a 5-point Likert scale and dichotomized to enable interpretation of the results. There were 240 surveys completed frrug coupons and pharmacy network discount cards. Community pharmacies also spend a significant amount of time processing coupon claims. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors declare no relevant conflicts of interest or financial relationships. This study was presented as a poster at the 2019 American Society of Health Systems Pharmacists Midyear Clinical Meeting during December 8-12, 2019, in Las Vegas, NV. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors declare no relevant conflicts of interest or financial relationships. This study was presented as a poster at the 2019 American Society of Health Systems Pharmacists Midyear Clinical Meeting during December 8-12, 2019, in Las Vegas, NV. The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) has gained recognition for performing independent health technology assessments (HTAs) that include the cost-effectiveness of selected new technologies in the United States. ICER has similarities with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in England and Wales, but the amount of overlap and new methods adopted to meet stakeholder needs in the complex U.S. health care system have not been fully analyzed. To perform a comprehensive comparison of ICER and NICE. We compared ICER and NICE using the same framework as Drummond et al. (2008), which suggests 4 dimensions for comparison of HTA organizations structure of HTA programs, methods of HTA, processes for conduct of HTA, and use of HTAs in decision making. We found differences between ICER and NICE in the structure of HTA programs (setup of the organizations, governance issues, and funding); methods (perspective, costs, utilities, discounting, and thresholds); process (relationsinical and Economic Review (ICER) for modeling projects. Carlson has received grants from ICER, unrelated to this study. Drummond has nothing to disclose.The movement toward value-based care is occurring in many countries of the world. The increasing population, longer life expectancy, and rising cost for high-tech care necessitates that government and private payers around the world devise new ways to ensure that health care dollars are spent on the most effective interventions. In this Viewpoints article, we present the value-based care transformation that is currently in its infancy in Brazil, which has a mix of private and public payers but still largely reimburses based on a fee-for-service model. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blu9931.html We contrast that with recent experience in the United States, where value-based care is slowly but surely becoming the norm. The Brazilian system has many opportunities to learn from the U.S. shift to value-based care-including the development of quality measures, transition to value-based payment, and leveraging data to rank performance across Brazilian health systems. Pharmaceutical manufacturers in Brazil can play a role, as well, with value-based agreements and partnerships with payers.