Objectives To reduce overprescribing, health campaigns urge physicians to provide people with information regarding appropriate antibiotic use and encourage the public to trust their physicians' prescribing decisions. We test (1) whether providing individuals with complete information about the viral aetiology of an illness and the ineffectiveness of antibiotics will reduce inappropriate antibiotic expectations, (2) whether individuals with greater trust in their physician will have lower expectations, and (3) whether individuals with greater trust in their physician will benefit more from the complete information provision and have lower expectations. Design Experiment 1 features a between-subjects design (information provision baseline vs. complete information) with a general measure of participants' trust in their physician. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/go-6983.html Experiment 2 features a 2 (physician trustworthiness low vs. high) × 2 (information provision baseline vs. complete information) between-subjects design. Methods In Experiment 1, partict information provision is required, particularly given the recent increase in trust-based antibiotic campaigns. Statement of contribution What is already known Inappropriate expectations for antibiotics encourage overprescribing in primary care. To reduce inappropriate expectations, interventions often aim to educate people about antibiotics and encourage them to trust their physician. What does this study add Causal evidence that clinical information provision reduces but does not eliminate inappropriate antibiotic expectations. We find that increased trust in physicians is not always associated with lower expectations for antibiotics. Although increased trust seemed to boost the effect of information provision, this effect was weak and inconsistent. © 2020 The British Psychological Society.As a giant leap in DNA self-assembly, DNA origami has exhibited an unprecedented capability to construct nanostructures with arbitrary shapes and sizes. In a typical DNA origami, hundreds of short DNA staple strands fold a long, single-stranded DNA scaffold cooperatively into designed nanostructures. However, large numbers of DNA strands are expensive and would hinder applications, such as pharmaceutical investigations, because of the complicated components. Therefore, one challenge is how to reduce the number of staple strands for construction of a DNA origami. For a DNA origami structure, the scale-free folding pattern of the scaffold strand is determined by staple strands at the branching vertexes. Simple duplex regions help defining the size-related features of the origami geometry. In this study, we hypothesized that a scaffold strand can be correctly folded into a designed topology by using only staple strands involved in branching vertexes. After assembly, any remaining, flexible, single-stranded regions of the scaffold can be converted into rigid duplexes by DNA polymerase to achieve the designed geometric structures. To demonstrate the concept, we have used only18 staple strands (covering 15% of the scaffold strand) to assemble a porous DNA nanostrucure, which was visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This study helps understanding of the role of cooperativity in origami folding, and provides a cost-effective approach for small-scale prototyping DNA origami. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Climate change is expected to have significant and complex impacts on ecological communities. In addition to direct effects of climate on species, there can also be indirect effects through an intermediary species, such as in host-plant interactions. Indirect effects are expected to be more pronounced in alpine environments because these ecosystems are sensitive to temperature changes and there are limited areas for migration of both species (i.e. closed systems), and because of simpler trophic interactions. We tested the hypothesis that climate change will reduce the range of an alpine butterfly (Parnassius smintheus) because of indirect effects through its host plant (Sedum sp.). To test for direct and indirect effects, we used the simulations of climate change to assess the distribution of P. smintheus with and without Sedum sp. We also compared the projected ranges of P. smintheus to four other butterfly species that are found in the alpine, but that are generalists feeding on many plant genera. We found that P. smintheus gained distributional area in climate-only models, but these gains were significantly reduced with the inclusion of Sedum sp. and in dry-climate scenarios which resulted in a reduction in net area. When compared to the more generalist butterfly species, P. smintheus exhibited the largest loss in suitable habitat. Our findings support the importance of including indirect effects in modelling species distributions in response to climate change. We highlight the potentially large and still neglected impacts climate change can have on the trophic structure of communities, which can lead to significant losses of biodiversity. In the future, communities will continue to favour species that are generalists as climate change induces asynchronies in the migration of species. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have great potential in electrocatalysis. Their performance can be rationally optimized by tailoring the center metal atoms, adjacent coordinative dopants, and metal loading. However, it is still of great challenge due to the limited synthesis approach and insufficient understanding of the structure-property relation. Herein, we reported a new kind of Mo SAC with a unique O, S-dual coordination and a high metal loading over 10 wt%. The isolation feature and local environment was identified by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure. The obtained SACs can catalyze oxygen reduction reaction via 2e- pathway with a high H2O2 selectivity above 95% in 0.10 M KOH. The critical role of Mo single atoms and the coordination structure was revealed by both electrochemical tests and theoretical calculations. This work enriches the family of SACs and highlights the importance of local coordination, thus rendering new opportunities to tune the activity and selectivity in multi-electron electrocatalysis.