The number of elderly people with multiple sclerosis (MS) has increased in line with population ageing. As the immune system presents profound changes over an individual's lifetime, it is important to understand the differences between these patients and younger patients. Immunosenescence, defined as age-related alterations naturally occurring in the immune system, particularly influences tolerance, response, and adverse effects of disease-modifying treatments for MS. Thymic involution is the most noteworthy characteristic of this phenomenon. This process leads to a reduction in the number of virgin T cells. Other effects include an inverted CD4 + /CD8 + cell ratio, severe alterations in NK cell functioning, and reduced tissue repair capacity in the brain. The number of older people with MS is increasing due to population ageing, advances in disease-modifying treatments, and improved health and social care of these patients. Ageing of the immune system increases the risk of infections, tumours, and autoimmune diseases in elderly individuals. Furthermore, neurodegeneration is accelerated in patients with MS due to the nervous system's loss of remyelination capacity. Understanding of the changes affecting the immune system in the elderly population is essential to improving the care provided to this ever-growing patient group. The number of older people with MS is increasing due to population ageing, advances in disease-modifying treatments, and improved health and social care of these patients. Ageing of the immune system increases the risk of infections, tumours, and autoimmune diseases in elderly individuals. Furthermore, neurodegeneration is accelerated in patients with MS due to the nervous system's loss of remyelination capacity. Understanding of the changes affecting the immune system in the elderly population is essential to improving the care provided to this ever-growing patient group. Understanding alterations to brain anatomy and cognitive function associated with neurodegenerative diseases remains a challenge for neuroscience today. In experimental neuroscience, several computerised tests have been developed to contribute to our understanding of neural networks involved in cognition. The Attention Network Test (ANT) enables us to measure the activity of 3 attentional networks (alertness, orienting, and executive function). The main aim of this review is to describe all the anatomical and functional alterations found in diverse neurological diseases using the ANT. We collected studies published since 2010 in the PubMed database that employed the ANT in different neurological diseases. Thirty-two articles were obtained, addressing multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease, among other disorders. Some of the anatomical structures proposed in the 3 attentional networks model were confirmed. The most relevant structures in the alertness network are the prefrontal cortex, parietal region, thalamus, and cerebellum. The thalamus is also relevant in the orienting network, together with posterior parietal regions. The executive network does not depend exclusively on the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, but also involves such subcortical structures as the basal ganglia and cerebellum and their projections towards the entire cortex. Some of the anatomical structures proposed in the 3 attentional networks model were confirmed. The most relevant structures in the alertness network are the prefrontal cortex, parietal region, thalamus, and cerebellum. The thalamus is also relevant in the orienting network, together with posterior parietal regions. The executive network does not depend exclusively on the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, but also involves such subcortical structures as the basal ganglia and cerebellum and their projections towards the entire cortex. To evaluate the imaging characteristics of simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) accelerated diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with decreased section thickness, with and without motion correction, in comparison to conventional DWI (cDWI) for the detection of lesions in patients with neuroendocrine tumour (NET) liver metastases. Fifteen patients with NET liver metastases underwent cDWI (section thickness [SL]=4 mm) and SMS-DWI (SL=2 mm). Non-linear motion-corrected (Moco)-SMS-DWI was generated in addition to the original series. Qualitative imaging characteristics (five-point Likert scale), the number of high signal lesions, and the detectability and delineation of lesions were evaluated and compared using the Friedman and the Dunn-Bonferroni tests. The test-retest variability (TRV) of the cDWI and SMS-DWI techniques was investigated among 11 healthy volunteers who underwent cDWI (SL=4 mm) and SMS-DWI (SL=4 mm) twice. The Friedman and the Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to compare the mean apparent diffusection, the TRV of DWI could be enhanced in regions near the liver edge. To evaluate the diagnostic capacity of pulmonary angiography with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and iodine mapping in the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in patients with Covid-19 disease. Retrospective observational study of 81 consecutive patients admitted with Covid-19 respiratory infection who underwent MDCT for clinical suspicion of PTE (sudden dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis, severe respiratory failure (SRF) not corrected with high O flow) and/or raised D-dimer. Of the 81 patients studied [64 (79.01%) men], acute PTE was identified in 22 (27.16%), bilaterally in 13 (59.09%), and 13 (59,09%) showed areas of hypoperfusion. Of the 59 (72.83%) patients without PTE, hypoperfusion was observed in 41 (69.49%) (attributable in one case to pulmonary emphysema). In 18 (22.2%) of the total number of patients, neither PTE nor hypoperfusion were seen. A crazy paving pattern is a risk factor for developing PTE (OR 1.94; 95% CI 0.28-13.57), as are consolidations (OR 1.44; 95% CI 0.24-8.48) and septal thickening/bronchiectasis (OR 1.47; 95% CI 0.12-17.81). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mm3122.html Patients with O -refractory SRF showed a 6.36-fold higher risk for hypoperfusion on the iodine map. By adding the functional image to the anatomical image, pulmonary angiography with MDCT and iodine mapping can demonstrate not only PTE in main, lobar and segmental arteries, but also the presence of hypoperfusion in distal vessels. This makes it a highly useful tool for the accurate diagnosis and therapeutic orientation of patients with Covid-19 lung involvement. By adding the functional image to the anatomical image, pulmonary angiography with MDCT and iodine mapping can demonstrate not only PTE in main, lobar and segmental arteries, but also the presence of hypoperfusion in distal vessels. This makes it a highly useful tool for the accurate diagnosis and therapeutic orientation of patients with Covid-19 lung involvement.