This was an extremely rare case showing chemoresistance due to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mucinous urethral adenocarcinoma is difficult to diagnose in coexistence with prostate adenocarcinoma. This was an extremely rare case showing chemoresistance due to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The SpaceOAR hydrogel system separates the prostate and rectum to reduce rectal irradiation during prostate radiotherapy. However, it could induce rectal toxicity. A 75-year-old man with localized prostate cancer underwent external beam radiotherapy with the use of SpaceOAR System. However, postimplant magnetic resonance imaging showed hydrogel infiltration to the rectum. Three months after implantation, he complained of bowel symptoms, including bloody stool. Colonofiberscopy and computed tomography revealed a rectal ulcer associated with SpaceOAR hydrogel insertion. He was treated with fasting, fluid replacement, and blood transfusion. One year after implantation, complete healing was confirmed during outpatient follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a rectal ulcer associated with SpaceOAR hydrogel insertion assessed by magnetic resonance imaging beforehand. Postimplant magnetic resonance imaging evaluation might be a useful follow-up tool in such cases. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a rectal ulcer associated with SpaceOAR® hydrogel insertion assessed by magnetic resonance imaging beforehand. Postimplant magnetic resonance imaging evaluation might be a useful follow-up tool in such cases. Small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder is rare and has an aggressive malignant behavior and poor prognosis. Advanced bladder cancers are treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, however, its efficacy for small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder is unclear. A 54-year-old female, diagnosed with clinical stage T2N0M0 small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder, underwent radical cystectomy after three cycles of etoposide-cisplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Despite the fact that pathological examination revealed no residual carcinoma in bladder in her cystectomy specimen, local recurrence of a 60-mm mass detected in the follow-up investigation 7.5months later. This was completely treated by pembrolizumab without any adverse effects. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the tumor had no programmed death ligand 1 expression but it showed CD8-positive T-lymphocyte infiltration into the tumor. Immune checkpoint inhibitors might have curative potentials for treatment of small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder. Immune checkpoint inhibitors might have curative potentials for treatment of small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder. Femoral nerve palsy is a rare but serious complication of kidney transplantation. We report a case of femoral nerve palsy following kidney transplantation and conduct a review of the literature on this complication. A 35-year-old woman with end-stage kidney disease, underwent kidney transplantation in the right iliac fossa. The day after the transplantation, she could not straighten her right leg. Physical examination revealed a paresis of her right quadriceps muscle. The patient's sensation of her right thigh was also impaired. We diagnosed her with femoral nerve palsy caused by inappropriate compression from a self-retaining retractor. Rehabilitation was started immediately. The patient's motor weakness gradually improved, and the patient became able to walk independently 4weeks later. However, the patient's neuropathic pain sustained 6months after her kidney transplantation. The improper use of self-retaining retractors can lead to femoral nerve palsy in patients undergoing kidney transplantation. The improper use of self-retaining retractors can lead to femoral nerve palsy in patients undergoing kidney transplantation. Hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, and renal dysplasia syndrome is an autosomal dominant rare genetic disease. Some patients with hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, and renal dysplasia syndrome may present with renal calcification (nephrocalcinosis) and disorder. We report the first case of living-donor kidney transplantation for a patient with hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, and renal dysplasia syndrome. This case pertains to a 26-year-old woman who was diagnosed with congenital hypoparathyroidism 1month after birth, following which vitamin D supplementation was initiated. In 20XX, she developed nephrocalcinosis and was confirmed to have a mutation; hence, she was diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, and renal dysplasia syndrome. In 20XX+7, ABO-incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation was performed. Her renal function improved, and graft calcification was not observed. Over intake of vitamin D caused nephrocalcinosis. The renal function was improved after living-donor kidney transplantation and the patient's serum calcium levels normalized without vitamin D supplementation. Therefore, kidney transplantation should be considered a treatment option for patients with hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, and renal dysplasia syndrome. Over intake of vitamin D caused nephrocalcinosis. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lonafarnib-sch66336.html The renal function was improved after living-donor kidney transplantation and the patient's serum calcium levels normalized without vitamin D supplementation. Therefore, kidney transplantation should be considered a treatment option for patients with hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, and renal dysplasia syndrome. Complete ureteral avulsion represents a rare and fearsome complication of ureteroscopy, reported in less than 1% of cases. In literature there are few reports and different options are presented for its treatment. We present a case of a ureteral avulsion managed with ileal ureter replacement. A 67-year-old man with a left proximal ureter stone was treated at our department with ureteroscopy. During retrieval of the instrument a complete ureteral avulsion was discovered, with a so-called "scabbard lesion". We decided to proceed with immediate laparotomy and we performed a ileal ureter replacement. Ureteral avulsion is a rare complication but must be known as a possible complication in high volume center. There is no standard definition regarding its treatment, and in our experience immediate treatment with ileal ureter replacement proved to be safe and effective without any changes in renal function. Ureteral avulsion is a rare complication but must be known as a possible complication in high volume center.