This preregistered meta-analysis theoretically and empirically integrates the two research strands on effort gains and effort losses in teams. Theoretically, we built on Shepperd's (1993) framework of productivity loss in groups and Karau and Williams' (1993) Collective Effort model (CEM) and developed the Team member Effort Expenditure model (TEEM), an extended Expectancy × Value framework with the explicit addition of an individual work baseline. Empirically, we included studies that allowed calculating a relevant effect size, which represents the difference between an individual's effort under individual work and under teamwork conditions. Overall, we included 622 effect sizes (N = 320,632). We did not find a main effect of teamwork on effort. As predicted, however, multilevel modeling revealed that the (in-)dispensability of the own contribution to the team performance, social comparison potential, and evaluation potential moderated the effect of teamwork versus individual work on expended effort. Depending specifically on the level of (in-)dispensability and the potential to engage in social comparisons, people showed either effort gains or losses in teams. As predicted, we also found that people's self-reports indicated effort gains when they had objectively shown such gains, whereas their self-reports did not indicate effort losses when they had shown such losses. Contrary to our hypotheses, team formation (i.e., ad hoc vs. not ad hoc teams) and task meaningfulness did not emerge as moderators. Altogether, people showed either effort gains or losses in teams depending on the specific design of teamwork. We discuss implications for future research, theory development, and teamwork design in practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Objective While HIV disease is associated with impairment in declarative memory, the ability of people with HIV (PWH) to describe past and future autobiographical events is not known. Method Participants included 63 PWH and 28 seronegative individuals ages 50-78 who completed standardized neurocognitive and everyday functioning assessments. Participants described four events from the recent past and four imagined events in the near future, details from which were classified as internal or external to the main event. Result PWH produced fewer autobiographical details with small-to-medium effect sizes but did not differ from seronegative participants in meta-cognitive ratings of their performance. https://www.selleckchem.com/EGFR(HER).html Performance of the study groups did not vary across past or future probes or internal versus external details; however, within the entire sample, past events were described in greater detail than future events, and more external than internal details were produced. Within the PWH group, the production of fewer internal details for future events was moderately associated with poorer prospective memory, executive dysfunction, and errors on a laboratory-based task of medication management. Conclusion Older PWH may experience difficulty generating autobiographical details from the past and simulated events in the future, which may be related to executive dyscontrol of memory processes. Future studies might examine the role of future thinking in health behaviors such as medication adherence and retention in healthcare among PWH. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved). According to the state regulation deficit account, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with difficulties in maintaining an optimal level of cognitive arousal. As the precise locus of this problem is yet unknown, the present study investigated this through behavioral and pupillometry indices. Adults scoring high versus low on ADHD symptomatology carried out a target detection task at three event rate (ER) levels. Phasic pupil dilation was used as an index of cognitive effort, and tonic pupil size as an index of tonic arousal. Performance and self-reports indicated state regulation difficulties in the high-ADHD group. Phasic pupil dilation was increased during slow ER, indicating additional effort allocation. Surprisingly, tonic pupil size was smallest in the fast ER, and group effects were absent for both pupil measures. The high-ADHD group showed state regulation difficulties despite similar levels of additional effort allocation as reflected by phasic pupil responses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved). The high-ADHD group showed state regulation difficulties despite similar levels of additional effort allocation as reflected by phasic pupil responses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Psychological and psychosocial functioning of binary transgender and nonbinary youth has been understudied in settings treating individuals at risk for psychiatric hospitalization. Further, little is currently known about potential differences in baseline levels of psychiatric distress and adaptive functioning across gender-diverse youth and their psychiatrically distressed cisgender counterparts. Key differences may elucidate avenues for adapted treatment and protocols among youth presenting for psychiatric care. Archival data of 426 youth (Mage = 14.94, SD = 1.5 years) referred to a psychiatric Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP) were used to examine differences in self-reported domains of psychological (e.g., depression, anxiety, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD], emotion dysregulation) and psychosocial (e.g., parental and interpersonal relations) functioning across gender. The group included N = 272 cisfemale (64.1%), N = 137 cismale (32.2%), N = 10 transgender (2.3%) and N = 7 nonbinary (1.6%) self-identified youth. Cismales reported the lowest levels of distress and highest levels of adaptive functioning as compared to the other groups, whereas binary transgender and cisfemale youth did not significantly differ across any measured domain. Nonbinary youth reported higher levels of anxiety, hyperactivity, psychological inflexibility, and inadequacy than cisfemales, but largely did not differ from binary transgender youth. Beyond statistical comparisons, nonbinary youth demonstrated globally elevated levels of psychiatric distress and compromised adaptive functioning, with most ratings falling in the clinically significant and/or at-risk ranges. Results highlight the need for clinicians to carefully attend to unique needs of nonbinary youth and for future research to expand upon our preliminary findings. Clinical implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).