Aims To determine genetic susceptibility markers for carbamazepine (CBZ) and allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) in Vietnamese. Methods A case-control study was performed involving 122 patients with CBZ or allopurinol-induced SCARs and 120 drug tolerant controls. ResultsHLA-B*5801 was strongly associated with allopurinol-induced SCARs and strongly correlated with SNP rs9263726. HLA-B*1502 was associated with CBZ-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis but not with drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. No association was found between HLA-A*3101 and CBZ-induced SCARs. HLA-B*5801 and rs3909184 allele A with renal insufficiency were shown to increase the risk of allopurinol-induced SCARs. ConclusionHLA-B*5801 and HLA-B*1502 confer susceptibility to allopurinol-induced SCARs and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN in Vietnamese. SNP rs9263726 can be used as a surrogate marker in identifying HLA-B*5801.Aim Perceived knowledge, use and perceptions of pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing were assessed among healthcare practitioners in North Carolina. Materials & methods A validated survey was distributed to various healthcare professionals and analyzed for differences among the groups. Results The majority of the 744 survey respondents acknowledged the perceived benefits of PGx testing, but indicated either never or rarely using it. A substantial percentage of practitioners reported educational experiences but the majority had received no training. Among groups reporting using PGx testing, barriers to implementation were cost and insufficient training. Conclusion The perceived cost of PGx testing and insufficiency or lack of training are major contributing factors to the infrequent use of PGx testing by healthcare providers in North Carolina.In drug discovery and drug development, it is estimated that around 40% of commercialized and 90% of under-study drugs have inadequate pharmaceutical properties, severely impairing its therapeutic efficacy. Thus, there is a strong demand to find strategies to enhance the delivery of such drugs. Ionic liquids are a novel class of liquids composed of a combination of organic salts that are of particular interest alone or in combination with drug delivery systems. This review is focused on the recent efforts using ionic liquids in drug solubility, formulation and drug delivery with specific emphasis on nanotechnology. The latest developments using hybrid delivery systems obtained upon the combination of drug delivery systems and ionic liquids will also be addressed. To investigate the efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implants (DEX) after anti-VEGF failure in retinal vein occlusion macular oedema. Retrospective cohort study of DEX implant (0.7 mg) given after anti-VEGF 'failure'. Switch to DEX occurred if a ⩽ +5 ETDRS letter gain and ⩽20% reduction in central subfield thickness was present following ⩾6 consecutive anti-VEGF injections. The primary endpoint was VA change 30 days after DEX. Secondary outcomes were peak VA change, VA change at monthly timepoints, percentage achieving 15-letter gain, central subfield thickness (CST) and intraocular pressure (IOP). Sixty-two injections in 62 patients associated with 26% central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and 74% branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) were eligible. There was a modest, significant improvement in mean VA change at 30 days compared to baseline (+6 letters, 95% CI +2.2 to +9.1 letters,  < 0.01). DEX implant significantly improved mean peak VA change compared to preceding anti-VEGF by +18.1 letters in CRVO (  = 0.002) and +13.2 letters in BRVO (  < 0.0001). IOP peaked between 30 and 60 days following injection, with 31% of CRVO and 11% of BRVO patients experiencing an IOP ⩾ 25 mmHg. DEX implant provides useful rescue therapy in cases of anti-VEGF 'failure' for macular oedema following retinal vein occlusion, resulting in improved functional outcomes at 30 days. DEX implant provides useful rescue therapy in cases of anti-VEGF 'failure' for macular oedema following retinal vein occlusion, resulting in improved functional outcomes at 30 days.Background To detect concentrations of subtherapeutic doses of the CD80-Fc fusion protein FPT155 in serum in Phase I studies, a highly sensitive assay was developed. Materials & methods FPT155 was purified from human serum using magnetic beads coupled to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4. After washing away the serum components, FTP155 was released by acid dissociation and neutralization. The eluted drug was quantified in an ELISA using cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 as a capture reagent and biotinylated anti-human Fc for detection. The assay was validated with a calibration range of 5-40 ng/ml and a dilutional integrity of up to 100,000 ng/ml. Conclusion A highly sensitive assay to determine serum concentrations of FPT155 using readily available reagents was developed. The results were in conformity with theoretical calculations.Aim To screen clinical and genetic risk factors and examine their combined effect on docetaxel, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (TEC) regimen-induced liver injury (TEC-ILI). Patients & methods We enrolled 396 breast cancer patients, and TEC-ILI-associated factors were screened by logistic regression analyses. ResultsSOD2 rs4880 and ABCG2 rs2231142 polymorphisms correlated with an increased risk of TEC-ILI. Multivariate analysis incorporating clinical and genetic factors revealed that ABCC1 rs246221 (CC) and SOD2 rs4880 (AG/GG) increased the risk of TEC-ILI. Patients with at least two risk factors among nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, high low-density lipoproteinemia levels and the rs246221 or rs4880 adverse genotypes exhibited a significantly increased risk of developing TEC-ILI. Conclusion The combination of clinical and genetic risk factors had higher predictive value for TEC-ILI than the interclinical risk factors alone. Previous research indicates low disposal rates of excess postoperative narcotics, leaving them available for diversion or abuse. This study examined the effect of introducing a portable disposal device on excess opiate opioid disposal rates after lower extremity orthopaedic surgery. This was a single site randomized control trial within an outpatient orthopaedic clinic. All patients 18 years or older, undergoing outpatient foot and ankle surgery between December 1, 2017 and August 1, 2018 were eligible. Patients were prospectively enrolled and randomized to receive standard opioid disposal instructions or a drug deactivation device at 2-week postoperative appointments. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ceftaroline-fosamil.html Participants completed an anonymous survey at 6-week postoperative appointments. Of the 75 patients surveyed, 68% (n = 26) of the experimental group and 56% (n = 21) of the control group had unused opioid medication. Of these, 84.6% of patients who were given Deterra Drug Deactivation System deactivation pouches safely disposed of excess medication, compared with 38% of controls ( = .