Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition tests revealed that treatment by nanofiltration reduced acute toxicity of all studied effluents.In the study the electrochemical oxidation process for decolorization of Rhodamine-B dye was studied using an anode coated with mixed metal oxides TiO2, RuO2, and IrO2. Batch experimental studies were conducted to assess the effect of four important performance variables, current density, electrolyte concentration, initial pH and electrolysis time, on the decolorization and energy consumption. The process was modeled using an artificial neural network. Response surface methodology using central composite design (CCD) was utilized for optimization of the decolorization process. Based on the experimental design given by CCD, the results obtained by the statistical analysis show that the electrolysis time was the most influential parameter for decolorization whereas the current density had the greatest influence on the energy consumption. According to the optimized results given by the CCD model, maximum color removal of 97% and minimum energy consumption of 1.01 kWh/m3 were predicted in 4.9 minute of electrolysis time, using 0.031 M NaCl concentration at current density 10 mA/cm2 and an initial pH of 3.7. A close conformity was observed between the optimized predicted results and experimental results. The process was found to be efficient and consisted of indirect chemical oxidation producing strong oxidizing agents such as Cl2, HClO and OCl-.Poly-silicate-ferric (PSF) was developed as an heterogeneous UV-Fenton catalyst, which was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic process of PSF and generation mechanism of hydroxyl radical based on photo-Fenton system were studied in detail. In the heterogeneous UV-Fenton system, the kapp value of Orange II degradation was as high as 0.268 min-1, which was 1.5 times compared to that with α-FeOOH as catalyst. As a result, the Orange II decolouration and mineralization rates were as high as 99.9% and 92.5% after 40 min treatment, respectively. Moreover, the hydroxyl radical concentration would increase to a peak value of 13.4 μmol/L at about 15 min. The fundamental cause of the high hydroxyl radical generation lay in the high release ability of iron ions from PSF. The peak concentrations of total iron ions and ferrous ions could increase to 4.53 mg/L and 1.57 mg/L at 20 min and 10 min, respectively. After treatment, the re-adsorption of iron ions on the surface of PSF could avoid the additional pollution caused by iron ions. The results confirmed that PSF was a high activity catalyst for an heterogeneous UV-Fenton system.Mass production of nanomaterials to remove pollutants from water still faces many challenges, mainly due to the complexity of the synthesis methods involved and the use of dangerous reagents. The green method of preparation of nanomaterials from plants can effectively solve these problems. Fe,Cu oxide nanocomposites (Fe-Cu-NCs) were synthesized by a green and single-step method using loquat leaf extracts, and were used as an adsorbent for removal of Norfloxacin (NOR) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solution. The synthesized adsorbent showed excellent adsorption properties for NOR and CIP. The experimental equilibrium data fitted the Redlich-Peterson and Koble-Corrigan models well and the maximum adsorption capacities of Fe-Cu-NCs calculated by the Langmuir model for NOR and CIP were 1.182 mmol/g and 1.103 mmol/g, respectively, at 293 K. Additionally, the morphologies and properties of Fe-Cu-NCs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and the adsorption mechanism of NOR and CIP onto Fe-Cu-NCs was discussed. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. This study indicated that Fe-Cu-NCs are a potential adsorbent and provide a simple and convenient strategy for the purification of antibiotics-laden wastewater.Intense urbanization results in greater soil sealing and a consequent increase in surface runoff. When high soil sealing rates and high slopes are encountered in small catchments, high volume and short duration precipitation events increase the probability of flash floods. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Aloxistatin.html This study evaluates the hydrological response of an urban catchment with regard to rainfall-runoff events in the following scenarios current land use, without a detention basin which has been part of the system since the 1970s, with the maximum soil sealing allowed by legislation, and with green infrastructure implantation in 100%, 50% and 10% of the suitable area. Hydrological modelling was performed using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Six level gauges installed along the length of the stream provided the data used in model calibration and validation. The model calibration process provided adequate results the average Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.72, the mean error of peak flow was 11% and the mean error of the runoff volume was 12%. Rainfall based on 2-, 10-, 50- and 100-year events were simulated for each scenario, as well as two observed events. In the scenario without the detention basin, an average elevation of 10% in the peak flow was observed in the catchment outlet. In the scenario with maximum soil sealing, the catchment outlet peak flow increased by 30% on average. On the other hand, in the scenario with green infrastructure implementation in 100%, 50% and 10% of the available areas, the outlet peak flow was reduced by 60%, 30% and 5%, respectively. Results indicated the efficiency of the detention basin to reduce flooding, the importance of green area preservation to reduce peak flows, as well as the catchment potential of green infrastructure implementation and the hydrological benefits that they can provide, increasing infiltration and reducing runoff volume and peak flow.