Although pattern acquisition and maintenance were impaired in injured networks, the greatest deficits arose in recall of previously trained patterns. These results demonstrate how one specific mechanism of cellular-level damage in mTBI affects the overall function of a neural network and point to the importance of reversing cellular-level changes to recover important properties of learning and memory in a microcircuit.The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of single neurons can be described by a broad spectrum of models, from realistic Hodgkin-Huxley-type models with numerous detailed mechanisms to the phenomenological models. The adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire (AdEx) model has emerged as a convenient middle-ground model. With a low computational cost but keeping biophysical interpretation of the parameters, it has been extensively used for simulations of large neural networks. However, because of its current-based adaptation, it can generate unrealistic behaviors. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hexamethonium-bromide.html We show the limitations of the AdEx model, and to avoid them, we introduce the conductance-based adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire model (CAdEx). We give an analysis of the dynamics of the CAdEx model and show the variety of firing patterns it can produce. We propose the CAdEx model as a richer alternative to perform network simulations with simplified models reproducing neuronal intrinsic properties.The positive-negative axis of emotional valence has long been recognized as fundamental to adaptive behavior, but its origin and underlying function have largely eluded formal theorizing and computational modeling. Using deep active inference, a hierarchical inference scheme that rests on inverting a model of how sensory data are generated, we develop a principled Bayesian model of emotional valence. This formulation asserts that agents infer their valence state based on the expected precision of their action model-an internal estimate of overall model fitness ("subjective fitness"). This index of subjective fitness can be estimated within any environment and exploits the domain generality of second-order beliefs (beliefs about beliefs). We show how maintaining internal valence representations allows the ensuing affective agent to optimize confidence in action selection preemptively. Valence representations can in turn be optimized by leveraging the (Bayes-optimal) updating term for subjective fitness, which ng the model to behavioral and neuronal responses.It is estimated that more than 200,000 women were sterilised without giving free, prior and informed consent in Peru between 1996 and 2000 during the Fujimori regime. This paper places forced sterilisation within the frameworks of precarity and reproductive justice to understand policies that legitimised the violation of women's rights irrespective of the type of political regime forced sterilisations during a dictatorial regime and denial of access to sexual and reproductive rights during a period of democracy. Through document analysis, this paper examines narratives around sterilisation and reproduction produced by policymakers, political and religious leaders and health care practitioners during these two political periods. This paper shows the continuity of the struggle that marginalised populations face in exercising their reproductive rights in the context of symbolic and structural inequalities. Mothers with babies in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) face a host of challenges following childbirth. Limited information is available on these mothers' postpartum health needs and access to services. To identify health needs of NICU mothers, access to services, and potential service improvements. A mixed-methods study including a retrospective cohort study, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. Large, Level IV, regional referral, university-affiliated hospital in the United States. Mothers of live-born infants born from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2016 ( = 6849). Interviews included 50 NICU mothers and 59 stakeholders who provide services to these mothers or their infants. Severe maternal morbidity, chronic health conditions, health care encounters from discharge through 12 weeks postpartum, maternal health needs, care access, and system improvements. Compared with mothers of well babies, NICU mothers had more chronic diseases, experienced more perinatal complications, and utilized more acute care postpartum. Qualitative analyses revealed the desire to be at the baby's bedside as a driver of maternal health-seeking behaviors, with women not seeking or delaying medical care so as to stay by their infant. Stakeholders acknowledged the unique needs of NICU mothers and cited system challenges, lack of clarity about provider roles, and reimbursement policies as barriers to meeting needs. The study was conducted within a single health care system, which may limit generalizability. Qualitative analyses did not explore the influence of fathers, other children in the home, or length of NICU stay. Universal screening and convenient access to maternal health services for NICU mothers should be explored to reduce adverse maternal health outcomes. Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Rates of maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity (SMM) are higher in the United States than in other high-resource countries and are increasing further. To examine the association of maternal comorbid conditions, age, body mass index, and previous cesarean birth with occurrence of SMM. Population-based cohort study using linked delivery hospitalization discharge data and vital records. California, 1997 to 2014. All 9179472 mothers delivering in California during 1997 to 2014. SMM rate, total and without transfusion-only cases; 2019 maternal comorbidity index. Total SMM increased by 160% during this time, and SMM excluding transfusion-only cases increased by 53%. Medical comorbid conditions were associated with an increasing portion of SMM occurrences. Medical comorbid conditions increased over the study period by 111%, and obstetric comorbid conditions increased by 30% to 40%. Identified medical comorbid conditions had high relative risks ranging from 1.3 to 14.3 for total SMM and even higher relative risks for nontransfusion SMM (to 32.