Effects of divided attention (DA) during encoding on later memory performance are widely documented. However, the precise nature of these effects on underlying memory representations and subsequent retrieval processes has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we examined whether DA at encoding would disrupt young adults' ability to remember associations in episodic memory at highly specific levels of representation (i.e., verbatim memory), or whether the effects of DA extend also to gist memory for associations. Two groups of participants (one under full attention, one under DA) studied face-scene pairs. The DA group simultaneously completed an auditory choice reaction-time task during encoding. Following either a short or long delay, participants were tested on their ability to discriminate intact face-scene pairs from recombined pairs that were either highly similar, less similar, or completely unrelated to originally studied pairs. The DA group performed more poorly than the full attention participants at correctly classifying most types of test pairs at both delays, and results from a multinomial-processing-tree model demonstrated that participants who encoded associations under DA experienced deficits in both specific and gist memory retrieval. We also compared the DA group to full attention older adults who were tested with the same paradigm (Greene & Naveh-Benjamin, Psychological Science, 31[3], 316-331, 2020). The DA group had lower estimates of gist retrieval than the older adults but similar estimates of verbatim memory. These results suggest that DA at encoding disrupts episodic memories at multiple levels of representation, in contrast to age-related effects, which are restricted only to the highest levels of specificity.Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a relapsing or chronic heterogeneous inflammatory skin disorder with a substantial economic and social impact. AD is a multifactorial disease regulated by a diverse set of environmental and genetic determinants. The main factors involved in the pathogenesis of AD are epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and dysbiosis. Current data have valued interleukin (IL)-13 as conceivably the crucial cytokine in the underlying inflammation of AD. Advances in understanding AD pathophysiology have driven the progress of targeted immunomodulatory treatments for the treatment of AD, including tralokinumab, a selective IL-13 inhibitor. A phase IIb clinical trial showed that a dosing regimen of 150 or 300 mg every 2 weeks effectively treated moderate-to-severe AD in adults with an acceptable tolerability profile. Phase III clinical trials demonstrated that results with tralokinumab in monotherapy were superior to those with placebo at 16 weeks of treatment. It was also well tolerated up to 52 weeks in the vast majority of patients. In addition, in association with topical corticosteroids, tralokinumab was well tolerated and effective and had a favorable risk-benefit profile. These data provide additional evidence that IL-13 is central to AD pathogenesis, suggesting that tralokinumab may be seen as an innovative option for the treatment of moderate-to-severe AD. Passage of cannabis laws may impact cannabis use and the use of other substances. The suggested association is of particular concern in pregnant women where exposure to substances can cause harm to both the pregnant woman and fetus. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/q-vd-oph.html The present study contributes to the minimal literature on factors associated with cannabis use during the preconception, prenatal, and postpartum periods including state legalization status, concurrent use of tobacco and e-cigarettes and adequacy of prenatal care. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using combined survey data from the 2016-2018 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) collected from 36,391 women. Logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of state-legalization, adequacy of prenatal care, and other substance use on cannabis use during the preconception, prenatal, and post-partum periods. In the preconception model, residence in a recreationally legal state (OR 2.37; 95% CI, 2.04-2.75) or medically legal state (OR3.32; 95% CI, 2.90-3.8This study investigates the protective effect of small peptides from Periplaneta americana (SPPA) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis of ovarian granular cells. H2O2 was applied to human ovarian granular cells (KGN cell strains). Cell viability was tested by cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Cell apoptosis was tested by flow cytometry, and a cell apoptosis model was established. The model cells were treated with SPPA, and the cell survival rate was monitored using the CCK-8 method. The oxidative stress state of cells was examined using SOD, ROS, MDA, and NO kits. The protein expression levels of SIRT1, p53, and the apoptosis-related gene Caspase3 were measured using Western Blot methodology. Relative to the control group, cell viability declined significantly after the H2O2 treatment only (P less then 0.01), while the apoptosis rate increased significantly (P less then 0.01). The activity of SOD was weakened significantly (P less then 0.01), while the cell levels of ROS, MDA, and NO increased dramatically (P less then 0.01). Cell viability dramatically recovered (P less then 0.01), and the SOD activity is hugely increased (P less then 0.01) after SPPA treatment. In contrast, contents of ROS, MDA, and NO decreased sharply (P less then 0.01), and significant dose-response relationships are characterized. Moreover, the H2O2 treatment group showed significantly downregulated expression of SIRT1 (P less then 0.01) but significantly upregulated expressions of p53 and Caspase3 (P less then 0.01) compared to the control group. Following the SPPA treatment of apoptosis cells, expression of SIRT1 increased significantly, while expressions of p53 and Caspase3 declined significantly (P less then 0.01). This study suggests that SPPA inhibits H2O2-induced human KGN cell apoptosis through antioxidation, and the SIRT1/p53 signal pathway mediates the antioxidation.Working memory (WM) has been defined as the active maintenance and flexible updating of goal-relevant information in a form that has limited capacity and resists interference. Complex measures of WM recruit multiple subprocesses, making it difficult to isolate specific contributions of putatively independent subsystems. The present study was designed to determine whether neurophysiological indicators of proposed subprocesses of WM predict WM performance. We recruited 200 individuals defined by care-seeking status and measured neural responses using electroencephalography (EEG), while participants performed four WM tasks. We extracted spectral and time-domain EEG features from each task to quantify each of the hypothesized WM subprocesses maintenance (storage of content), goal maintenance, and updating. We then used EEG measures of each subprocess as predictors of task performance to evaluate their contribution to WM. Significant predictors of WM capacity included contralateral delay activity and frontal theta, features typically associated with maintenance (storage of content) processes.