Therefore, nanoparticles are able to cross multiple biological barriers and nanotoxicity to fetus is highly dependent on stages of pregnancy and fetal development or the maturity of multiple biological barriers. Oral exposures to nanoparticles during pregnancy are dangerous to fetal brain development, especially in early pregnancy.Minimization of Cd accumulation in wheat is an effective strategy to prevent Cd hazard to human. This study compared and highlighted the roles of soil and foliar applications of Se and Si effects on Cd accumulation and toxicity in soft and durum wheat. Soil Se (0.5-1.0 mg kg-1) and Si (3-6 mg kg-1) applications provided an effective strategy to reduce wheat grain Cd concentrations of both wheat varieties by 59-61 % and 16-30 %, but foliar Se (0.125-0.25 mM) and Si (2.5-5 mM) application reduced grain Cd of soft wheat by 20-36 %. Both soil and foliar Se and Si applications significantly alleviated Cd toxicity by regulation of Cd transport genes, as reflected by increased the grain yield and antioxidant enzymes activities, and reduced MDA in wheat tissues. Selenium applications were more effective than Si on the reduction of Cd-induced toxicity and concentrations in soft wheat, but not in durum wheat due to more tolerant to Cd. Downregulation of influx transporter (TaNramp5) and upregulation of efflux transporter (TaTM20 and TaHMA3) in soft wheat may contribute to the Si/Se-dependent Cd mitigation and enhance the tolerance to toxic Cd. Overall, Se/Si applications, especially soil Se, can be efficiently used for reducing grain Cd uptake from Cd-contaminated soils.In this study, the nanocomposite film (SA-CS@CuO/ZnO) composed of sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CS) functionalized by copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) was fabricated, then its antibacterial mechanisms against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were systematically investigated. When the contents of CuONPs and ZnONPs reached 1.5 % (w/w) and 0.5 % (w/w), respectively, the SA-CS@CuO/ZnO exhibited great mechanical, barrier, and optical properties. Moreover, the incorporation of ZnONPs enhanced the photocatalytic ability of SA-CS@CuO/ZnO, producing a high level of reactive oxygen species under light irradiation. Further, antibacterial results showed that SA-CS@CuO/ZnO treatment inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus higher than 60 % in the dark and exceeded 90 % under light irradiation. This was also manifested in the incompleteness of bacterial cell structure, accompanied by unstable cellular redox balance and DNA disruption. The functions of differentially expressed genes screened by transcriptome analysis were mainly involved in membrane transport, cell wall and membrane synthesis, cellular antioxidant defense system, cell membrane and DNA repair system. The changes in bacterial transcriptional regulation reflected the disturbance in the physiological activities and loss of cell integrity, leading to damage of bacterial cells or death.The dispersion of hyperaccumulators used in the phytoremediation process has caused environmental concerns because of their heavy metal (HM) richness. It is important to reduce the environmental risks and prevent the HM to reenter the ecological cycle and thereby the human food web. In this work, supercritical water gasification (SCWG) technology was used to convert Sedum plumbizincicola into hydrogen (H2) gas and to immobilize HMs into biochar. The H2 production correlated with temperature ranging from 380 to 440 ℃ with the highest H2 yield of 2.74 mol/kg at 440 ℃. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd4547.html The free-radical reaction and steam reforming reaction at high temperatures were likely to be the mechanism behind the H2 production. The analyses of bio-oil by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) illustrated that the aromatic compounds, oxygenated compounds, and phenols were degraded into H2-rich gases. The increase of temperature enhanced the HM immobilization efficiency (>99.2 % immobilization), which was probably due to the quickly formed biochar that helped adsorb HMs. Then those HMs were chemically converted into stable forms through complexation with inorganic components on biochar, e.g., silicates, SiO2, and Al2O3. Consequently, the SCWG process was demonstrated as a promising approach for dispersing hyperaccumulators by immobilizing the hazardous HMs into biochar and simultaneously producing value-added H2-rich gases.Heavy metals in the effluents released from industrial establishments pose risks to the environment and society. Prevalent organisms such as microalgae in industrial wastes can thrive in this harmful environment. The connection of the metal-binding proteins of the microalgal cell wall to the metal ions of the heavy metals enables microalgae as an ideal medium for biosorption. The current literature lacks the review of various microalgae used as biosorption of heavy metals from industrial effluents. This work aims to comprehensively review the literature on the use of microalgae as a biosorption for heavy metals. The study summarizes the application of different microalgae for heavy metals removal by identifying the various factors affecting the biosorption performance. Approaches to quantifying the heavy metals concentration are outlined. The methods of microalgae to generate biocompounds to enable biosorption of heavy metals are itemized. The study also aims to identify the materials produced by microalgae to facilitate biosorption. The industrial sectors with the potential benefit from the adoption of microalgal biosorption of heavy metals are recognized. Moreover, the current challenges and future perspectives of microalgal biosorption are discussed.This study aimed to evaluate the expression of calpastatin (CAST) isoforms and their potential associations with fiber type composition (%RA), calpastatin activity (CA) and myofibril fragmentation index (MFI) in three muscles with known differences in tenderness (infraspinatus, triceps brachii and semitendinosus) of Angus steers. Expression of total CAST (CAST-T) and CAST isoforms I, II, III (2-3) and III (2-4) (including or not exon 3) was evaluated by qRT-PCR. CAST expression and CA were significantly higher and MFI was lower in semitendinosus, the muscle with the highest %RA of IIX fibers. Differential expression of isoforms defined the variability in CAST-T among muscles. Semitendinosus had a higher expression of isoforms II and III (2-3), but lower expression of III (2-4) compared to the other two muscles. Relative expression of isoforms II and III that were defined by promoter preference linked to alternative splicing, seem to be the main factors explaining differences in CAST expression and ultimately in MFI among muscles.