Mid-infrared (IR) imaging based on the vibrational transition of biomolecules provides good chemical-specific contrast in label-free imaging of biology tissues, making it a popular tool in both biomedical studies and clinical applications. However, the current technology typically requires thin and dried or extremely flat samples, whose complicated processing limits this technology's broader translation. To address this issue, we report mid-IR photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), which can readily work with fresh and thick tissue samples, even when they have rough surfaces. We developed a transmission-mode mid-IR PAM system employing an optical parametric oscillation laser operating in the wavelength range from 2.5 to 12  μm. Due to its high sensitivity to optical absorption and the low ultrasonic attenuation of tissue, our PAM achieved greater probing depth than Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, thus enabling imaging fresh and thick tissue samples with rough surfaces. In our spectroscopy study, the CH2 symmetric stretching at 2850  cm  -  1 (3508nm) was found to be an excellent source of endogenous contrast for lipids. At this wavenumber, we demonstrated label-free imaging of the lipid composition in fresh, manually cut, and unprocessed tissue sections of up to 3-mm thickness. Our technology requires no time-consuming sample preparation procedure and has great potential in both fast clinical histological analysis and fundamental biological studies. Our technology requires no time-consuming sample preparation procedure and has great potential in both fast clinical histological analysis and fundamental biological studies.From 2004 to 2020, we studied three pediatric patients (age 9-13 years, all male) and one adult patient (age 29 years, female) with tectal plate glioma with obstructing hydrocephalus on MRI. One patient had neurofibromatosis type 1. All patients complained about headaches and vomiting, and one patient had diplopia. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) was underwent in all patients and a biopsy was obtained from two patients. Pathologic diagnoses were a pilocytic astrocytoma and a low-grade glioma. After ETV with or without biopsy, neurological symptoms were improved in all patients. Three patients did the clinical and radiological follow-up without adjuvant treatment. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/atx968.html One patient underwent gamma knife radiosurgery. In two pediatric patients and the adult patient, there was no clinical and radiological progression after 6.2, 6.9, and 8.0 years, respectively. One pediatric patient whose lesion had focal enhancement had radiologic progression without any neurologic symptoms after 5.1 years. Without adjuvant treatment for this lesion, there was no clinical deterioration neither further radiological progression for 6.2 years after radiological aggravation. Tectal plate gliomas showed indolent clinical courses, even after radiologic tumor progression. After the treatment of obstructing hydrocephalus, clinical and radiologic follow-up can be recommended for indolent tectal plate gliomas. The aim of this study was to survey prognostic factors, particularly those focusing on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS) for metastatic brain tumors. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 98 patients with NSCLC who underwent GKRS for brain metastases from August 2010 to July 2017. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) of the intracranial disease. We analyzed variables such as age, sex, Karnofsky Performance Status, recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class, smoking status, primary cancer pathology, EGFR mutations, and time to brain metastases as prognostic factors. The median overall survival (OS) of the patients was 16 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 13-21 months]. Median systemic PFS and intracranial PFS were 9 months (95% CI, 8-11 months) and 11 months (95% CI, 7-14 months), respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the patients with EGFR mutations had longer intracranial PFS than those without EGFR mutation (median intracranial PFS 19 vs. 10 months with =0.01) while they had no benefits in OS and systemic PFS. Furthermore, the patients harboring adenocarcinoma had longer OS ( <0.01) and intracranial PFS ( <0.01) and the patients with lower RPA class had longer OS ( =0.02) and intracranial PFS ( =0.03). EGFR mutations, primary cancer pathology, and RPA class may be proposed as prognostic factors for intracranial PFS in NSCLC patients after GKRS for brain metastasis in this study. EGFR mutations, primary cancer pathology, and RPA class may be proposed as prognostic factors for intracranial PFS in NSCLC patients after GKRS for brain metastasis in this study. Although Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has been widely used for intracranial meningiomas as an alternative or adjuvant treatment, guidelines have not been established for the selection of patients with petroclival meningioma (PCM) for GKRS. In this study, we reported the factors related to tumor progression and postoperative complications in PCM patients treated by GKRS, with a review of the literatures. Between 2004 and 2019, 64 patients (52 patients for alternative and 12 patients for adjuvant treatment) with PCM underwent GKRS in our institution. The clinical and radiological factors were retrospectively analyzed. The mean radiologic follow-up duration was 58.4 months (range, 6-164 months). The mean tumor volume and diameter before GKRS were 13.4 cm³ and 2.9 cm, respectively. The median marginal dose was 12 Gy (range, 10-14 Gy) with a 50% median isodose line. Fractionation was used in 19 cases (29%, two fractionations in 5 cases & three fractionations in 14 cases). Progression was noted in 7 car, for patients with large size or multiple masses, the treatment method should be determined with caution because the probability of complications after GKRS may increase. High-grade glioma (HGG) with primary leptomeningeal seeding (PLS) at initial diagnosis is rare. The purpose of this study was to identify its clinical features and to describe the clinical treatment outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with HGG (World Health Organization grade III or IV) at our institution between 2004 and 2019, and patients with PLS at the initial diagnosis were enrolled in the study. Clinical features, such as the location of leptomeningeal seeding, surgical methods, and degree of resection, were sorted based on electronic medical records also containing performance scale, and hematological and serological evaluations. Radiological findings and immunohistochemical categories were confirmed. Furthermore, we sought to determine whether controlling intracranial pressure (ICP) via early cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion increases overall survival (OS) after the initial diagnosis. Of the 469 patients with HGG in our institution, less than 2% had PLS at the initial diagnosis.