We evaluate air pollution predictability in the point of focusing on to what degree the root mean square errors between the modeled concentration and the targeted air pollution are limited by the optimal observational network. Results show that air pollution predictability in association with the optimal observational network is limited in the time scales about 6 days. With the high efficiency and in an economic fashion, such a sensitivity-based optimal observing system holds promise for accurately predicting an air pollution event in the targeted area once the adjoint and variational procedure of a realistic atmosphere model including transport and chemical processes is performed.Vegetation is an important component of the terrestrial ecosystem, driven by climate change and human activities. Quantifying the relative contributions of climate change and anthropogenic activities to vegetation dynamics are essential to cope with global climate change. In this paper, the relative contributions of anthropogenic activities and climate change to net primary productivity (NPP) in China were analyzed by a two-step methodology based on the residual trend analysis (RESTREND). Firstly, the unaltered natural vegetation only affected by climate change (Vclimate) and the vegetation affected by climate change and human activities (Vclimate+human) were separated by the multi-temporal land use land cover (LULC) data. Secondly, RESTREND was applied to NPP of Vclimate and Vclimate+human, respectively, to calculate contributions of climatic factors and human activities to vegetation growth. Results revealed that NPP exhibited a significant increase with 3.13 g C m-2 yr-1 from 2001 to 2016 in China. Climate change and human activities both made favorable impacts on vegetation growth during the study period. Besides, with the separation of Vclimate and Vclimate+human, contributions of climatic factors to vegetation changes increased from 1.57 to 1.88 g C m-2 yr-1, with the proportion of 60.06%. While contributions of human activities to NPP decreased from 1.56 to 1.25 g C m-2 yr-1, with the proportion of 39.94%. Moreover, the average contributions of precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, and other climatic factors to NPP over the entire country were 0.72, 0.24, 0.61, and 0.31 g C m-2 yr-1. Precipitation played a decisive role in vegetation changes in arid and semi-arid regions, temperature was the dominant factor for alpine vegetation dynamics, and solar radiation was beneficial to vegetation growth in most areas of China.Hydrothermal vent represents an extreme environment where metal-enriched fluids are in contact with chemosymbiotic animals. https://www.selleckchem.com/GSK-3.html In the present study, Zn isotopic compositions were determined in multiple tissues of three dominant hydrothermal vent mollusks (the mussel Bathymodiolus marisindicus and two gastropods Chrysomallon squamiferum and Gigantopelta aegis) collected from a hydrothermal vent field (Southwest Indian Ridge in the Indian Ocean). We found approximately 1.78‰ differences in the δ66Zn values among the three vent mollusks despite of their similar range of Zn concentrations. The significant variation in the δ66Zn values was considered to be indicative of different Zn uptake sources among the three species as a result of their morphological adaptations. Zinc uptake associated with symbiotic activities may be more relevant in the vent gastropods, whereas Zn uptake from hydrothermal fluids during filter-feeding may also play a role in the vent mussels. However, no significant difference in δ66Zn values was observed among tissues of any of the mollusks, showing the absence of Zn isotope fractionation during internal Zn transport. Our results demonstrated that variable Zn uptake pathways existed among different hydrothermal vent mollusks and could be differentiated by determining the Zn isotopic compositions in their tissues. We also highlight that Zn isotope ratios can be used to track Zn sources to the vent mollusks.Knowledge of the origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in vegetables is essential to reduce human health risks induced by dietary exposure. The current study developed a vegetation-advanced multimedia model, SESAMe-Veg, to identify the major uptake pathway of 15 priority PAHs in vegetables and assess the PAHs in edible parts of cabbages and carrots in Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, China. The model was well evaluated against site- and plant-specific measurements. Edible parts exhibited lower PAH concentrations than the other parts for both vegetables. The estimated concentrations of ΣPAH15 were 79 ng/g in cabbage shoots and 83 ng/g in carrot roots. Higher concentrations were estimated in shoots of the leafy vegetable than in roots of the root vegetable for most PAHs. Although air-shoot is the major transport pathway, 98% was deposition of particles, which was attached outside and could be removed relatively easily by washing. Soils might be the origin of PAHs inside vegetables, especially for lighter PAHs. PYR was more likely to be stored in roots than other congeners. The translocation of PAHs inside vegetables was negligible. Adulthood dietary exposure to local vegetables probably caused a high health risk; however, contributions from consuming cabbages and especially carrots were low. Females generally exhibited slightly higher risks than males of exposure to PAHs in local vegetables. Considering the dominant role of particle deposition, carefully vegetable washing before ingestion could reduce this risk. This study has provided a functional tool to evaluate vegetable contamination by PAHs. CAPSULE A vegetation-advanced multimedia model of PAHs in different parts of vegetables and other environmental media was developed to evaluate the potential health risk to local populations of different sexes and ages via vegetable ingestion.This study proposes a non-differentiated producer responsibility (NDPR) principle to assign carbon dioxide emission responsibility. The NDPR principle redistributes carbon dioxide emissions along a value chain according to the proportion of profits obtained, which can eliminate the unfairness of carbon dioxide emissions transfers caused by transnational production processes. Compared with existing models, the NDPR model can be directly applied to a multi-region input-output table (MRIO), thereby improving the practical value of the method. Furthermore, this study applies the NDPR model to a long-term MRIO to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon emission responsibility worldwide. We found that both the volume and growth of carbon emissions are highly concentrated in European countries, the United States, and emerging market countries, and the basic emission pattern is stable. Both the producer and consumer responsibility principles lead to most developing countries in Asia bearing a greater proportion of the emission responsibility than the proportion of value they capture from global value chains.