The aim of the study was to characterize the morphological features of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in a large Caucasian population. We conducteda multicenter, cross-sectional study of treatment-naïve patients with PCV. Baseline fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were assessed by trained medical graders. Typical PCV features were explored, and retinal thickness (RT) and choroidal thickness (CT) measurements were performed. Seventy-nine eyes of 73 patients (mean age, 72.6 ± 11.9 years) were included. ICGA identified macular polyps in 89.9% of cases. SD-OCT revealed mostly subretinal fluid (93.6%) and a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) detachment in 91.4%, with sharp protrusion in 67.0% of cases. Polyp-like structures were seen in 74.3% of cases, mostly adherent to an elevated RPE (69.6%). Type 1 neovascularization (NV) was identified in 74.7% of patients, while 16.5% had a mixed NV. The mean macular CT was 220.9 ± 83.2 μm (range, 67.9-403.6). Diffuse and focal pachychoroid were observed in 26.6 and 30.4% of patients, respectively. Soft drusen were reported in 62.0% of cases, but retinal hemorrhage occurred in only 19.0% of cases. The morphological features of PCV in Caucasians are similar to those reported in Asians. Pachychoroid signs were found in nearly half of our cohort. However, the mean age at presentation, high prevalence of soft drusen, and low prevalence of large subretinal hemorrhages make PCV closer to age-related macular degeneration in this ethnic group. The morphological features of PCV in Caucasians are similar to those reported in Asians. Pachychoroid signs were found in nearly half of our cohort. However, the mean age at presentation, high prevalence of soft drusen, and low prevalence of large subretinal hemorrhages make PCV closer to age-related macular degeneration in this ethnic group. The polymorphisms inside microRNA target sites locating in the 3'-UTR region may introduce the micro-RNA-binding changes, which may regulate the gene expression and correlate with the potential diseases. We aimed to investigate whether the polymorphisms in microRNA target sites of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway genes are associated with the susceptibility of mite-sensitized allergic rhinitis (AR) in a Han Chinese population. In this case-control study, 454 AR patients and 448 healthy controls were recruited. Three HapMap single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were mapped to putative microRNA recognition sites and genotyped by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. The genotype and allele frequencies of 3 SNPs (rs1590 in TGFBR1; rs1434536 and rs17023107 in BMPR1B) showed lack of significant association with AR. However, in the subgroup analysis, the TG, GG, and TG/GG genotypes of rs1590 exhibited significantly increased risk of AR in the male subgroup (TG adjusted OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.08-2.31; GG adjusted OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.09-2.86; TG/GG adjusted OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.13-2.33). The CT genotypes of rs17023107 might have potential to protect against AR in the patients age of <15 years (adjusted OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.14-0.95) and the males (adjusted OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.25-0.95). No significant association was found between SNPs and the total serum IgE level. In a Han Chinese population, stratified by age and gender, susceptibility to mite-sensitized AR may be associated with 2 SNPs (rs1590 and rs17023107) in microRNA target sites of TGF-β signaling pathway genes. In a Han Chinese population, stratified by age and gender, susceptibility to mite-sensitized AR may be associated with 2 SNPs (rs1590 and rs17023107) in microRNA target sites of TGF-β signaling pathway genes. Vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling is an effective surgical procedure for the treatment of macular holes (MHs). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/h3b-6527.html However, there is a possibility of poor postoperative anatomical closure with conventional ILM peeling for MHs larger than 400 μm. Therefore, a novel inverted ILM flap technique was developed for such cases. This meta-analysis study was performed to evaluate and compare the anatomical and visual outcomes of the inverted ILM flap technique and ILM peeling in large MHs. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The trial eligibility and risk of bias were assessed according to Cochrane review methods. The primary outcome measures included MH closure rate and postoperative visual acuity (VA). Subgroup analysis of postoperative VA based on follow-up time was also conducted. Pooled odds ratios (ORs), weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Statistical analysis wasy in the short term as no difference in visual recovery was found at the 6-month follow-up - than did ILM peeling in large MHs. The inverted ILM flap technique should be considered as a preferred and routine procedure for the treatment of patients with MHs larger than 400 µm. Vitrectomy with the inverted ILM flap technique showed a higher anatomical closure rate as well as visual gain - although only in the short term as no difference in visual recovery was found at the 6-month follow-up - than did ILM peeling in large MHs. The inverted ILM flap technique should be considered as a preferred and routine procedure for the treatment of patients with MHs larger than 400 µm. Meningiomas in childhood are infrequently seen. Furthermore, they are extremely rare at a pineal location with few reported cases above 5-years of age. We present a very young child with a large pineal region meningioma which mimicked the usually occurring pathologies at this site. A 2.5-year-old child presented with symptoms of raised intracranial pressure. MRI demonstrated a homogenously enhancing pineal lesion with small cystic areas. After an initial cerebrospinal fluid evaluation for germ cell tumors, the child underwent excision of the lesion by the Krause approach. The tumor showed no definitive dural attachment, had well-defined arachnoid interface, and was completely excised. The final histopathology was meningioma. Although unusual, we highlight the importance of considering meningiomas among the childhood pineal region lesions, given their good outcome with total resection. Also, pertinent brief literature of the pediatric pineal region meningiomas has been provided. An assessment of preoperative and intraoperative features (clear arachnoid plane) along with adjuncts such as frozen studies can help discern various entities of this region, and decide the extent of excision.