Parabens are added into foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PCPs) as additives extensively due to their excellent antiseptic and antibacterial effects. In the past decade, parabens have raised great concerns on their potential harm to humans. Existing studies have suggested positive correlations between PCP application and urinary paraben concentrations in females, but little is known about paraben exposure levels and health risks arising from PCP use. In this study, 150 PCP samples covering eleven categories were collected from South China and measured for the concentrations of five parabens, including methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben (PrP), butyl paraben (BuP) and benzyl paraben (BeP). Parabens were widely detected in PCPs, with a detection frequency of 100%, 99.3%, 80.0%, 74.0% and 13.3%, for MeP, EtP, PrP, BuP and BeP, respectively. The median concentration of Σ5parabens was 126 μg/g with a range of 6.38-424 μg/g across all PCP samples. The contents of MeP, EtP and PrP measured in leave-on PCPs were obviously higher than those in the rinse-off ones (p less then 0.05). MeP and PrP were the main paraben analogues, together accounting for 93.6% of Σ5parabens in all PCPs. The daily intakes of parabens through dermal absorption by Chinese adult females estimated by measurements obtained in the present study were 0.15 and 83.2 μg/kg-bw/day on basis of the application of rinse-off and leave-on PCPs, respectively. Among the eleven categories, sunscreen, body lotion and mask constituted the main exposure sources of parabens to females. The hazard quotients of parabens were far less than 1, indicating no considerable health risk for Chinese adult females.Carbon disulfide (CS2) has been reported to induce disorder of glucose metabolism. However, the associations of CS2 exposure with plasma glucose levels and risk of diabetes have not been explored in general population, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aim to examine the relationships between CS2 exposure and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, as well as diabetes, and assess the potential role of oxidative stress among the abovementioned relationships in Chinese general adults. The concentrations of urinary biomarkers of CS2 exposure (2-thiothiazolidin-4-carboxylic acid, TTCA), and biomarkers for lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostane, 8-iso-PGF2α) and DNA oxidative damage (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-20-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG) were measured among 3338 urban adults from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort. Additionally, FPG levels were tested promptly. Generalized linear models and logistic regression models were used to quantify the associations among urinary TTCA, oxidative damage markers, FPG levels and diabetes risk. Mediation analysis was employed to estimate the role of oxidative damage markers in the association between urinary TTCA and FPG levels. We discovered a significant relationship between urinary TTCA and FPG levels with regression coefficient of 0.080 (95% CI 0.002,0.157). Besides, the risk of diabetes was positively related to urinary TTCA (OR1.282, 95% CI 1.055,1.558), particularly among those who did not exercise regularly. Each 1% increase of urinary TTCA concentration was associated with a 0.096% and 0.037% increase in urinary 8-iso-PGF2α and 8-OHdG, respectively. Moreover, we found an upward trend of FPG level as urinary 8-iso-PGF2α gradually increased (Ptrend less then 0.05), and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α mediated 21.12% of the urinary TTCA-associated FPG increment. Our findings indicated that urinary CS2 metabolite was associated with increased FPG levels and diabetes risk in general population. Lipid peroxidation partly mediated the association of urinary CS2 metabolite with FPG levels.The accidental leakage of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals from enterprises poses great risks to resident health, social instability, and ecological safety. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/butyzamide.html During 2005-2018, heavy metal mixed pollution accidents comprised approximately 33% of the major environmental ones in China. A Bayesian Networks-based probabilistic approach is developed to quantitatively predict ecological and human health risks for heavy metal mixed pollution accidents at the watershed scale. To estimate the probability distributions of joint ecological exposure once a heavy metal mixed pollution accident occurs, a Copula-based joint exposure calculation method, comprised of a hydro-dynamic model, emergent heavy metal pollution transport model, and the Copula functions, is embedded. This approach was applied to the risk assessment of acute Cr6+-Hg2+ mixed pollution accidents at 76 electroplating enterprises in 24 risk sub-watersheds of the Dongjiang River downstream watershed. The results indicated that nine sub-watersheds created high ecological risks, while only five created high human health risks. In addition, the ecological and human health risk levels were highest in the tributary (the Xizhijiang River), while the ecological risk was more critical in the river network, and the human health risk was more serious in the mainstream of the Dongjiang River. The quantitative risk assessment provides a substantial support to incident prevention and control, risk management, as well as regulatory decision making for electroplating enterprises. Childhood cancer survival is suboptimal in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Radiotherapy plays a significant role in the standard care of many patients. To assess the current status of paediatric radiotherapy, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) undertook a global survey and a review of practice in eight leading treatment centres in middle-income countries (MICs) under Coordinated Research Project E3.30.31; 'Paediatric radiation oncology practice in low and middle income countries a patterns-of-care study by the International Atomic Energy Agency.' A survey of paediatric radiotherapy practices was distributed to 189 centres worldwide. Eight leading radiotherapy centres in MICs treating a significant number of children were selected and developed a database of individual patients treated in their centres comprising 46 variables related to radiotherapy technique. Data were received from 134 radiotherapy centres in 42 countries. The percentage of children treated with curative intent fell sequentially from high-income countries (HICs; 82%) to low-income countries (53%).