Results indicate that the most efficient configuration investigated has the actuators attached to the front bumper of the vehicle. Using this arrangement, real-time measurements for different beamformer settings are performed to obtain a thorough picture of the performance of the system across frequency and steering angle.A number of recent studies have observed that phonetic variability is constrained across speakers, where speakers exhibit limited variation in the signalling of phonological contrasts in spite of overall differences between speakers. This previous work focused predominantly on controlled laboratory speech and on contrasts in English and German, leaving unclear how such speaker variability is structured in spontaneous speech and in phonological contrasts that make substantial use of more than one acoustic cue. This study attempts to both address these empirical gaps and expand the empirical scope of research investigating structured variability by examining how speakers vary in the use of positive voice onset time and voicing during closure in marking the stop voicing contrast in Japanese spontaneous speech. Strong covarying relationships within each cue across speakers are observed, while between-cue relationships across speakers are much weaker, suggesting that structured variability is constrained by the language-specific phonetic implementation of linguistic contrasts.This study examines dynamic acoustic-articulatory relations in back vowels, focusing on the effect of different coda consonants on acoustic-articulatory dynamics in the production of vowel contrast. This paper specifically investigates the contribution of the tongue and the lips in modifying F2 in the foot-goose contrast in English, using synchronized acoustic and electromagnetic articulography data collected from 16 speakers. The vowels foot and goose were elicited in pre-coronal and pre-lateral contexts from two dialects that are reported to be at different stages of back vowel fronting Southern Standard British English and West Yorkshire English. The results suggest similar acoustic and articulatory patterns in pre-coronal vowels, but there is stronger evidence of vowel contrast in articulation than acoustics for pre-lateral vowels. The lip protrusion data do not help to resolve these differences, suggesting that the complex gestural makeup of a vowel-lateral sequence problematizes straightforward accounts of acoustic-articulatory relations. Further analysis reveals greater between-speaker variability in lingual advancement than F2 in pre-lateral vowels.Noise-induced temporary hearing threshold shift (TTS) was studied in a harbor porpoise exposed to impulsive sounds of scaled-down airguns while both stationary and free-swimming for up to 90 min. In a previous study, ∼4 dB TTS was elicited in this porpoise, but despite 8 dB higher single-shot and cumulative exposure levels (up to 199 dB re 1 μPa2s) in the present study, the porpoise showed no significant TTS at hearing frequencies 2, 4, or 8 kHz. There were no changes in the study animal's audiogram between the studies or significant differences in the fatiguing sound that could explain the difference, but audible and visual cues in the present study may have allowed the porpoise to predict when the fatiguing sounds would be produced. The discrepancy between the studies may have resulted from self-mitigation by the porpoise. Self-mitigation, resulting in reduced hearing sensitivity, can be achieved via changes in the orientation of the head, or via alteration of the hearing threshold by processes in the ear or central nervous system.In this paper, a concept about the aeroengine fan health monitoring approach is proposed based on the compressive-sensing-based acoustic mode detection method. Utilizing only a few acoustic sensors, possible accidents inducing the change of the fan noise mode spectrum can be inferred. To enable such a concept, the array design strategy and optimization method are first studied by maximizing the incoherence of the so-called sensing matrix. The performance of the designed array is examined in both simulation and experimental studies. Then, the idea of fan noise monitoring is conceptually demonstrated in wind tunnel tests by taking into account possible accidental scenarios with foreign body intrusions. The simulation and experimental results suggest that under such circumstances remarkable changes appear in the azimuthal mode spectrum from fan noise. Finally, it is demonstrated that the fan noise variation can be successfully detected by the compressive sensing method with just six sensors. In this way, the foreign body intrusion can be further diagnosed through the combination of compressive sensing and mode detection. Overall, the results confirm the potential capability of the proposed concept for future aeroengine health monitoring applications.Regulations for underwater anthropogenic noise are typically formulated in terms of peak sound pressure, root-mean-square sound pressure, and (weighted or unweighted) sound exposure. Sound effect studies on humans and other terrestrial mammals suggest that in addition to these metrics, the impulsiveness of sound (often quantified by its kurtosis β) is also related to the risk of hearing impairment. Kurtosis is often used to distinguish between ambient noise and transients, such as echolocation clicks and dolphin whistles. A lack of standardization of the integration interval leads to ambiguous kurtosis values, especially for transient signals. In the current research, kurtosis is applied to transient signals typical for high-power underwater noise. For integration time (t2-t1), the quantity (t2-t1)/β is shown to be a robust measure of signal duration, closely related to the effective signal duration, τeff for sounds from airguns, pile driving, and explosions. This research provides practical formulas for kurtosis of impulsive sounds and compares kurtosis between measurements of transient sounds from different sources.For an abruptly gated sound, perceived lateralization is determined primarily by binaural cues at onset. Relatively less is known about the temporal weighing of binaural cues-such as interaural time difference (ITD)-during more naturalistic modulation profiles. Here, an experiment measured the lateralization of a tonal binaural beat modulated by a diotic, 8-Hz sinusoidal amplitude modulation. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/semaxanib-su5416.html Binaural beat lateralization (left/right, two alternatives) was compared to that for tones with static ITDs. Across three mean carrier frequencies (200, 500, and 800 Hz), ITDs occurring during early rising amplitude (e.g., 20-25 ms after onset) predicted the perceived lateralization of the binaural beat signals well.