Transmission electron microscopy was used to explore the effect of these HBPs on calcium phosphate (Ca-PO4) nucleation and growth. Results indicated that HBPs may inhibit nucleation of Ca-PO4 nanoparticles and their phase transition to crystalline HAP, as well as control crystal growth rates in specific crystallographic directions, thus changing the classical needle-like morphology of inorganically grown HAP crystals to a biomimetic plate-like morphology.The sluggish cathodic kinetics and lower energy efficiency, associated with solid and insulating discharge products of Li2O2, are the key factors that prevent the practical implementation of Li-O2 batteries (LOBs). Here we demonstrate that the combination of the solid catalyst (RuO2) and soluble redox mediator tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) exhibits a synergetic effect in improving the cathodic kinetics and energy efficiency of LOBs by reducing both charge and discharge overpotentials. Operando electron microscopy observations and electrochemical measurements reveal that RuO2 not only exhibits bifunctional catalysis for Li-O2 reactions but also benefits the catalytic efficiency of TTF. Meanwhile, TTF plays an important role in activating the Li2O2 passivated RuO2 catalysts and in helping RuO2 effectively oxidize the discharge products during charging. The synergetic effect of solid and liquid catalysts, beyond traditional bifunctional catalysis, obviously increases the cathodic kinetics and round-trip energy efficiency of LOBs.Protein-polymer interactions are critical to applications ranging from biomedical devices to chromatographic separations. The mechanistic relationship between the microstructure of polymer chains and protein interactions is challenging to quantify and not well studied. Here, single-molecule microscopy is used to compare the dynamics of two model proteins, α-lactalbumin and lysozyme, at the interface of uncharged polystyrene with varied molecular weights. The two proteins exhibit different surface interaction mechanisms despite having a similar size and structure. α-Lactalbumin exhibits interfacial adsorption-desorption with residence times that depend on polymer molecular weight. Lysozyme undergoes a continuous time random walk at the polystyrene surface with residence times that also depend on the molecular weight of polystyrene. Single-molecule observables suggest that the hindered continuous time random walk dynamics displayed by lysozyme are determined by the polystyrene free volume, a finding supported by thermal annealing and solvent quality studies. Hindered dynamics are dominated by short-range hydrophobic interactions where the contributions of electrostatic forces are negligible. This work establishes a relationship between the microscale structure (i.e., free volume) of polystyrene polymer chains to nanoscale interfacial protein dynamics.Diffusion coefficients in mixtures of organic molecules and water are needed for many applications, ranging from the environmental modeling of pollutant transport, air quality, and climate, to improving the stability of foods, biomolecules, and pharmaceutical agents for longer use and storage. The Stokes-Einstein relation has been successful for predicting diffusion coefficients of large molecules in organic-water mixtures from viscosity, yet it routinely underpredicts, by orders of magnitude, the diffusion coefficients of small molecules in organic-water mixtures. Herein, a unified description of diffusion coefficients of large and small molecules in organic-water mixtures, based on the fractional Stokes-Einstein relation, is presented. A fractional Stokes-Einstein relation is able to describe 98% of the observed diffusion coefficients from small to large molecules, roughly within the uncertainties of the measurements. The data set used in the analysis includes a wide range of radii of diffusing molecules, viscosities, and intermolecular interactions. As a case study, we show that the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by O3 within organic-water particles in the planetary boundary layer is relatively short (≲1 day) when the viscosity of the particle is ≲102 Pa s. We also show that the degradation times predicted using the Stokes-Einstein relation and the fractional Stokes-Einstein relation can differ by up to a factor of 10 in this region of the atmosphere.Topological properties of the Lieb lattice, i.e., the edge-centered square lattice, have been extensively studied and are, however, mostly based on theoretical models without identifying real material systems. Here, based on tight-binding and first-principles calculations, we demonstrate the Lieb-lattice features of the experimentally synthesized phthalocyanine-based metal-organic framework (MPc-MOF), which holds various intriguing topological phase transitions through band engineering. First, we show that the MPc-MOFs indeed have a peculiar Lieb band structure with 1/3 filling, which has been overlooked because of its unconventional band structure deviating from the ideal Lieb band. The intrinsic MPc-MOF presents a trivial insulating state, with its gap size determined by the on-site energy difference (ΔE) between the corner and edge-center sites. Through either chemical substitution or physical strain engineering, one can tune ΔE to close the gap and achieve a topological phase transition. Specifically, upon closing the gap, topological semimetallic/insulating states emerge from nonmagnetic MPc-MOFs, while magnetic semimetal/Chern insulator states arise from magnetic MPc-MOFs, respectively. Our discovery greatly enriches our understanding of the Lieb lattice and provides a guideline for experimental observation of the Lieb-lattice-based topological states.California's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65) was designed to protect the state's populace from exposures to toxic levels of chemicals in consumer products, including foods, by requiring businesses to warn the public about any of those hazards. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gf109203x.html There is, however, one qualification in the legislation, which is that warnings are not required if the source of that contamination is natural, as opposed to industrial. That qualification is especially problematic for lead because "natural" and "industrial" lead have a common origin and behave the same in the environment and industrial lead contamination has been pandemic for millennia. As a result of that historic and ongoing contamination, ambient lead levels in the biosphere may be orders of magnitude above natural levels, limiting comparisons of "natural" versus "industrial" lead concentrations in products. Further complicating those comparisons are reports of erroneously high measurements of lead concentrations in the biosphere as a result of sample contamination during collection, storage, and analysis.