84% and 36.34%, respectively) had unknown sources. (4) Finally, redundancy analysis (RDA) and Bioenv analysis showed that environmental parameters (pH, TN, Cond, NH4+-N, DO, NO2--N, Chl-a, and T) had a great influence (p ≤ 0.05) on the bacterioplankton community. These research results are beneficial for the managing the ecological system, protecting the tributary biodiversity, and conserving the mainstem and tributaries of the Han River basin.The ingestion of microplastics (MPs) is well documented for various animals and spherical MPs (beads) in many studies. However, the retention time and egestion of MPs have been examined less, especially for irregular MPs (fragments) which are predominantly found in the environment. Furthermore, the accumulation of such particles in the gastrointestinal tract is likely to determine whether adverse effects are induced. To address this, we investigated if the ingestion and egestion of beads are different to those of fragments in the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina palmata. Therefore, organisms were exposed to 20-20,000 particles L-1 of either polyethylene (PE) beads (41 μm and 87 μm) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fragments ( less then 63 μm). Moreover, shrimps were exposed to 20,000 particles L-1 of either 41 μm PE and 11 μm polystyrene (PS) beads or the PVC fragments for 24 h, followed by a post-exposure period of 4 h to analyze the excretion of particles. To simulate natural conditions, an additional fragment ingestion study was performed in the presence of food. After each treatment, the shrimps were analyzed for retained or excreted particles. Our results demonstrate that the ingestion of beads and fragments were concentration-dependent. Shrimps egested 59% of beads and 18% of fragments within 4 h. Particle shape did not significantly affect MP ingestion or egestion, but size was a relevant factor. Medium- and small-sized beads were frequently ingested. Furthermore, fragment uptake decreased slightly when co-exposed to food, but was not significantly different to the treatments without food. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/iwp-2.html Finally, the investigations highlight that the assessment of ingestion and egestion rates can help to clarify whether MPs remain in specific organisms and, thereby, become a potential health threat.To further reduce carbon emissions, supply chain members implement the low-carbon production process and use varieties of contracts to coordinate the channel. Considering the effect of emission reduction, this paper studies a two-echelon supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer. Two supply chain members dedicate to maximize profits by reducing their products' carbon emissions under two different contracts the wholesale price contract and the consignment contract. The Stackelberg differential game is used, and the optimal strategies of emission reduction effort, wholesale, and retail price in the two situations are studied. The results show that the Pareto improvement for the whole supply chain can be reached under the consignment contract. However, the specific impacts on the retailer and the manufacturer are different. When consumers have a higher level of environmental awareness, the retailer tends to decrease her proportion of sales revenue under the consignment contract. At that time, choosing the wholesale price contract is more favorable for the retailer. However, as the retailer's proportion of sales revenue becomes lower, the proportion of revenue belonging to the manufacturer will increase. It would be better for the manufacturer to choose the consignment contract.The eco-efficiency of manufacturing industries has been a concern for decades in China. However, less attention has been paid to the growing service inputs in manufacturing industries and their eco-efficiency impact. Based on China's input-output tables in consecutive years collected from the structural analysis database issued by the OECD, this study describes service inputs in manufacturing industries with the direct and total consumption coefficients and then primarily discusses its environmental impacts as measured by the green total factor productivity. It finds that a significant nonlinear U-shaped relationship exists between service inputs in manufacturing industries and eco-efficiency in which the expected positive impact only emerges when a critical level of service inputs is achieved. The findings exhibit significant robustness under various measures of outcome variables and explanatory variables, as well as subsample checks and instrumental variable estimation. Environmental technical progress, rather than environmental technical efficiency, plays a decisive role in the U-shaped relationship and contributes to improvement in eco-efficiency. Furthermore, this study reveals that service inputs in the form of direct consumption of intermediate service in manufacturing industries have a significant positive impact on eco-efficiency.This article reports the deliverables of the experimental study on the production of a completely renewable biofuel from Manilkara zapota fruit and seed oil. It was attempted to synthesis ethyl ester from Manilkara zapota seed oil using bioethanol synthesized from decayed Manilkara zapota fruit. Bioethanol was produced through fermentation of decayed Manilkara zapota fruit, waste skin, and pulp with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then distilled at 72°C. The bioethanol yield was noted as 10.45% (v/w). The 95.09% pure bioethanol and 4.9% water molecules were present in the distilled sample. Mechanically extracted raw Manilkara zapota seed oil was used for ethyl ester conversion. The molar ratio of bioethanol to oil, the quantity of KOH, and process temperature were investigated for the maximum yield of Manilkara zapota ethyl ester. A 91 molar ratio of bioethanol to oil, 1.5% (w/w) KOH, and 70°C process temperature were identified as enhanced ethanolysis process parameters. The maximum yield of ethyl ester was identified as 93.1%. Physicochemical characteristics of Manilkara zapota oil, bioethanol, and ethyl ester were measured as per the corresponding ASTM standards. It was found that both Manilkara Zapota ethyl ester and bioethanol synthesized from decayed Manilkara zapota fruit could be promising substitutes for fossil diesel and gasoline.