of QBD and its possible mechanism of anti-inflammation, which provides a preferred strategy for monitoring the overall quality of QBD and supports its clinical application in treating inflammation-related diseases. Kucha tea plant (Camellia assamica var. kucha Chang et Wang) is regarded as a mutant variety of wild Pu'er tea plant found in few mountain areas of Yunnan, China. Its fresh young leaves and shoots are picked by the indigenous aborigines in these local areas to prepare an herbal tea for the treatment of common cold empirically. Two extra compounds of relative abundance were detected in Kucha tea in comparison with Pu'er tea, and their chemical structures were identified as chlorogenic acid and theacrine. These two compounds as well as two major compounds, strictinin and caffeine, in Kucha tea were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and inhibitory effects on human influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 by analyzing viral protein expression and progeny production. No or low cytotoxicity was detected for the four Kucha compounds when their concentrations were below 100μM. Expression of viral NS1 protein was significantly inhibited by chlorogenic acid, theacrine or strictinin, but not caffeine at a concentration of 100μM. The relative inhibitory potency was detected as chlorogenic acid<theacrine<strictinin, and both theacrine and strictinin displayed significant inhibition at a concentration of 50μM. According to a plaque assay, viral progeny production was significantly reduced by theacrine or strictinin, but not by chlorogenic acid or caffeine under the same concentration of 100μM. It is suggested that theacrine and strictinin are two major ingredients responsible for the anti-influenza activity of Yunnan Kucha tea traditionally used for the treatment of common cold. It is suggested that theacrine and strictinin are two major ingredients responsible for the anti-influenza activity of Yunnan Kucha tea traditionally used for the treatment of common cold. River and mountain regions in Eastern and South-Eastern Serbia are geographically interesting and, historically they represent an important resource of plants used as food, spices and as remedies for treating many diseases. Different cultures have lived in these regions for ages. They have used wild plants and the methods of their preparation and application, which has remained throughout the history and now is passed on from generation to generation. The aim of the study is a survey of herbal drug uses for the specific ailment categories and their comparison between the two research regions. Semi-structured anonymous ethnobotanical interviews were conducted. The interviews took place in the River Timok region and Mountain Svrljig region as they make two of the most interesting centers of plant biodiversity. Volunteers in the Timok region were 64 median age and in the Svrljig region - 73 median age. People were interviewed about the local names of plants, the preparation process and about which disease thnt areas - river and mountain area. The ethnopharmacological study showed a great importance of medicinal plants in the daily life of local communities. According to the analysis, it can be concluded that the village population of the Timok and Svrljig regions use medicinal plants to treat digestive tract problems rather than seeking professional medical attention in health facilities. The aerial part and rhizome of Elymus repens are used for digestive problems in both the Timok and Svrljig regions, and the use of this plant in for the treatment of digestive tract problems is not mentioned in the similar studies conducted in the Balkan region. Also, it can be observed that the population of the two different regions mainly use different herbal drugs to treat the same systems. The reason for that is the availability of certain plants that grow in the two different areas - river and mountain area. Terminalia argentea Mart. & Zucc. (Combretaceae), popularly known as "capitão do campo", is native from the Brazilian cerrado, which is used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects, toxicity and mechanisms of action regarding the use of the hydroalcoholic extract of T. argentea bark. Toxicity was determinate in vitro using the macrophage lineage J774.1 without LPS. Cells were treated with 0.5; 2; 8; 32 and 125μg/mL of the plant extract. Cell viability was assessed by MTT colorimetric assay. The production of nitrite and cytokines was also determined in the supernatants. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vps34-in1.html A NF-κB reporter assay using RAW macrophages was employed to elucidate the impact of the plant extract on the expression of such molecule. In mice, toxicity was assessed by orally given an intermediate to high concentration of the plant extract on a single dose (1000 or 5000mg/kg) or low and intermediate doses (300 or 1000mg/kg) twice daily for 14 days. Blood samples wereoteins, as well as increasing the release of IL-10. Altogether, our results demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extract of T. argentea bark has anti-inflammatory activity without inducing toxicity in cells or living animals. This activity seems to be chiefly influenced by a downregulation in NF-κB, inflammatory cytokines and production of nitrite along with augmented concentration of IL-10. Altogether, our results demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extract of T. argentea bark has anti-inflammatory activity without inducing toxicity in cells or living animals. This activity seems to be chiefly influenced by a downregulation in NF-κB, inflammatory cytokines and production of nitrite along with augmented concentration of IL-10. Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription that is widely used to clinically treat diabetes mellitus. It is composed of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (ge gen), Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (huang qin), Coptidis chinensis Franch. (huang lian), and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (gan cao). However, the active ingredients in GQD and their mechanism of action are unclear. In this study, we aimed to verify the efficacy of GQD in improving insulin resistance (IR) in diabetic mice and used network pharmacology to identify potential targets and pathways underlying its mechanism of action. A mouse model of diabetes was created by feeding mice a high-fat diet followed by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. These type II diabetic mice were administered either a clinical dose or a high dose of GQD, after which blood glucose and serum insulin levels were measured to assess its effects on IR. Network pharmacology was used to construct a 'component-pathway-target' network to elucidate the likely targets and pathways modulated in common by GQD components.