The conformational flexibility and length of the hydrophobic regions of amphiphilic excipients appears to be critical for effectiveness. This hypothesis was supported by molecular modeling studies to better understand the interactions between the excipients with the drug nanoparticle surface. Despite the increasing interest in pharmaceutical use of mesoporous silica, there is still only limited knowledge on mechanisms of pore loading and subsequent drug desorption and release. Hence the aim of this work was to address the mechanistic aspects of drug loading into the mesoporous silica pores and to minimise the risk of pore clogging. Hydrophilic solvents (polysorbate 20 and polyethylene glycol 200) with high dissolving capacity for the model drug celecoxib were studied for their surface tension as well as dynamic viscosity by considering hydration. As an innovation in liquisolid systems preparation, a rather simple drug loading method on a mesoporous carrier was introduced by using semi-volatile solvent mixtures. Fast liquid loading into the pores was achieved due to the lowered viscosity and surface tension of the whole solvent system. Drug release kinetics suggested that lipid-based formulations belonging to class IV of Lipid Formulation Classification System may exhibit a lower risk of incomplete desorption from a carrier. The utilisation of volatile solvents during preparation had no negative impact on the liquisolid systems' dissolution behaviour. All prepared formulations showed similar significantly faster dissolution profiles compared to the physical mixture. The novel approach has potential to promote liquisolid applications in pharmaceutics. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pentamidine.html Osteoarthritis is a major problem in elder people. Etoricoxib-loaded bio-adhesive hybridized nanoparticles were prepared using polylactic acid (PLA) and chitosan hydrochloride (CS-HCl) in presence of Captex®200 as a liquid oil, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Tween®80 as surfactants. The study aimed to present a new intra-articular treatment of osteoarthritis with anti-inflammatory as well as bone rebuilding effects. Hybridized nanoparticles were fabricated applying the emulsion solvent evaporation technique then assessed for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug release. Furthermore, FT-IR and DSC in addition to morphological examination were done. Results revealed that the formulation composed of PLACaptex®200 in ratio 12 (w/w), 1%w/v Tween®80, 0.3% w/v CS-HCl and 3%w/v PVA possessed the smallest particle size and the most sustained drug release, thus was sorted for further analyses. The selected formulation ability to interact with the negatively charged sodium fluroscein was evaluated to predict its binding with the naturally occurring hyaluronic acid in the knee joint where promising results were obtained. Results showed the cytocompatibility of the formulation when tested using MC3T3-E1 normal bone cell line, enhanced ALP activity and increased calcium ion deposition and binding. Results suggested that the presented formulation can be considered as an innovative approach for osteoarthritis. smartPearls technology is one appropriate method to produce anti-psoriatic curcumin (Cur) topical delivery system. To prevent the sedimentation of loaded silica and release changing over the storage, which are disadvantages of smartPearls production, extra glycyrrhizic acid (GA) was added in classical smartPearls ingredients (active and porous material) to get an improved smartPearls production (Cur-GA-silica). The capacity of Cur-GA-silica to remain the gelation state after mixing with water was superior compared to that of the solid cluster without GA and that of the physical mixture of Cur, GA and silica. The Cur-GA-silica practically contained Cur with 1.68% ± 0.12% and showed significant difference with Cur raw drug powder in kinetic solubilities (4.55 ± 0.78 µg/mL vs 0 in 5 min; 3.26 ± 0.17 µg/mL vs 0 in 4 h) which was traceable to the amorphous state of Cur-GA-silica detected by X-ray diffractometer. With the amorphous Cur, two times as much penetrated Cur in Cur-GA-silica as in Cur raw drug powder was achieved on the imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mice model. The anti-psoriatic efficacy of Cur-GA-silica was confirmed by Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) evaluation, histological evaluation and decreased IL-17A in the imiquimod-induced psoriasiform mouse skin analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In conclusion, with the addition of GA, a stable amorphous curcumin topical vehicle fabricated by smartPearls technology without extra dermal matrix is available and facilitates penetration efficacy and anti-psoriatic capacity in imiquimod-induced psoriasiform mice. The study of traits that enable species to thrive in urban habitats is critical to a better understanding the evolution of urban ecosystems. Here, we examined variation in boldness, neophobia, and exploratory behavior in a generalist raptor, the Chimango Caracara, Milvago chimango, occurring in areas with different urbanization level. We also focused on the relationship between object exploration and neophobia in rural and urban population of this species. The results showed that birds from more urbanized habitats showed more tolerance to humans than rural raptors, without any effect of age and sex in this trait. Rural birds were also more neophobic and were slower to explore than urban raptors, though they dedicated a similar amount of time to exploring novel objects, indicating a non-correspondence between the speed to approach and contact these objects and the amount of exploration performed. Finally, we found a correlation between exploration speed and neophobia in rural birds, whereas for urban raptors this correlation was not observed. Our results show that urbanization not only influences the expression of risk-taking behaviors and novelty responses in the chimango, but can also modify the relationship between exploration and neophobia. Vocal individual identification has been demonstrated in many animals, with discriminant function analysis (DFA) and spectrographic cross-correlation (SPCC) being the two most frequent methods. Successful vocal individual identification requires high among-individual differences and within-individual stability over time for vocal features. Lack of vocal individual identification is common in songbirds with complex songs, and most vocal individual identification studies are made in bird species with simple vocalizations. Here, we applied vocal individual identification with the two methods on a songbird, green-backed flycatcher Ficedula elisae. We based its complex songs by division into first, second, and third phrases. DFA resulted in a correct distinction rate of 94.5 % between one first-phrase type and another. SPCC similarity was significantly higher within than among types for first and second phrases, respectively. For first-phrase types with recordings from different days during a breeding season, the correct DFA rate was 87.