9,  = .02, partial  = 0.12, with significant differences across groups on consumption of healthy dietary practices and minimal variability across measures. In subgroup analyses, MDD children had decreased consumption of healthy foods compared with PSYCH and HC children on three out of four measures. There was no difference in consumption of unhealthy foods across diagnostic groups. Cross-sectional design. Children with MDD consume fewer healthy foods than non-MDD children, with little variation by dietary measure. Research examining the directionality of this association and specific dietary deficits among MDD youth is needed to elucidate potential preventative targets for intervention. Children with MDD consume fewer healthy foods than non-MDD children, with little variation by dietary measure. Research examining the directionality of this association and specific dietary deficits among MDD youth is needed to elucidate potential preventative targets for intervention.AbstractThe crustacean first antenna, or antennule, has been an experimental model for studying sensory biology for over 150 years. Investigations have led to a clearer understanding of the functional organization of the antennule as an olfactory organ but also to a realization that the antennule is much more than that. Across the Crustacea, the antennules take on many forms and functions. As an example, the antennule of reptantian decapods has many types of sensilla, each with distinct structure and function and with hundreds of thousands of chemosensory neurons expressing hundreds of genes that code for diverse classes of receptor proteins. Together, these antennular sensilla represent multiple chemosensory pathways, each with its own central connections and functions. The antennule also has a diversity of sensors of mechanical stimuli, including vibrations, touch, water flow, and the animal's own movements. The antennule likely also detects other environmental cues, such as temperature, oxygen, pH, salinity, and noxious stimuli. Furthermore, the antennule is a motor organ-it is flicked to temporally and spatially sample the animal's chemo-mechanical surroundings-and this information is used in resolving the structure of chemical plumes and locating the odor source. The antennule is also adapted to maintain lifelong function in a changing environment. For example, it has specific secretory glands, grooming structures, and behaviors to stay clean and functional. Antennular sensilla and the annuli on which they reside are also added and replaced, leading to a complete turnover of the antennule over several molts. Thus, the antennule is a complex and dynamic sensory-motor integrator that is intricately engaged in most aspects of the lives of crustaceans.AbstractThe serpulid polychaete Hydroides elegans has emerged as a major model organism for studies of marine invertebrate settlement and metamorphosis and for processes involved in marine biofouling. Rapid secretion of an enveloping, membranous, organic primary tube provides settling larvae of H. elegans firm adhesion to a surface and a refuge within which to complete metamorphosis. While this tube is never calcified, it forms the template from which the calcified tube is produced at its anterior end. Examination of scanning and transmission electron micrographs of competent and settling larvae revealed that the tube is secreted from epidermal cells of the three primary segments, with material possibly transported through the larval cuticle via abundant microvilli. The tube is composed of complexly layered fibrous material that has an abundance of the amino acids that characterize the collagenous cuticle of other polychaetes, plus associated carbohydrates. The significance of the dependence on surface bacterial biofilms for stimulating settlement in this species is revealed as a complex interaction between primary tube material, as it is secreted, and the extracellular polymeric substances abundantly produced by biofilm-residing bacteria. This association appears to provide the settling larvae with an adhesion strength similar to that of bacteria in a biofilm and significantly less when larvae settle on a clean surface.AbstractIn most animal taxa, large mothers (or those with high nutritional status) produce large offspring, leading to a maternal size-offspring size correlation, that is, a positive correlation between maternal size and offspring size. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tno155.html Here, we used the natural variation in maternal size between three natural populations of Buccinanops deformis (a marine snail with direct development, nurse egg feeding, and a single embryo per egg capsule) to study maternal investment and offspring size. The main objectives were to compare offspring size and maternal investment traits within and between populations and to evaluate the relationship between maternal size and offspring size. Although not supported in every population, our results show that maternal size was positively correlated with offspring size, thus representing an example of the maternal size-offspring size correlation in a species in which there is no competition for food between capsule mates because only one embryo develops per capsule. These findings also suggest that in B. deformis larger mothers produce more offspring and provide their offspring with more resources, and that this between-population variation in offspring size is related to differences in the number of nurse eggs allocated per egg capsule and in egg capsule size. The ubiquity of the maternal size-offspring size correlation in B. deformis needs to be tested further across populations, because factors other than maternal size could influence offspring size variation in this marine gastropod.AbstractThe lifestyle of symbiotic species in the genus Synalpheus can vary from pair living to eusocial. A pair-living social system commonly implies the adoption of a monogamous mating system. In this study, we used the symbiotic shrimp Synalpheus brevicarpus in association with the sponge Dysidea sp. to test the hypothesis that heterosexual pairs of symbiotic shrimps can adopt a monogamous mating system when living in association with a morphologically complex host. We collected a total of 40 sponges, which were inhabited by 76 shrimps 41 males, 33 females, and 2 juveniles. Synalpheus brevicarpus is sexually dimorphic, with males displaying proportionately larger weaponry (snapping claws) and a smaller average body size than females. Sponges were more often inhabited by a pair of heterosexual shrimps than expected by chance. Larger sponges were inhabited by more than one pair of shrimps in which the sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1∶1. Pairs of heterosexual shrimps were recorded, with females carrying embryos in all stages of embryonic development.