ferax, and a morphologically and phylogenetically more divergent species from S. terrestris. However, they were widely separated from a monophyletic, yet unsupported clade containing P. lagenidioides and red algal parasites previously classified in Olpidiopsis. Consequently, all holocarpic parasites in red algae should be considered to be members of the genus Pontisma as previously suggested by some researchers. In addition, a new species of Olpidiopsis, O. parthenogenetica is introduced to accommodate the pathogen of S. terrestris.Tryblidiopsis pinastri (Leotiomycetes, Rhytismatales) was described from Picea abies in Europe and was also thought to occur on North American Picea. However, previously published sequences of Picea foliar endophytes from Eastern Canada suggested the presence of at least two cryptic Tryblidiopsis species, distinct from T. pinastri and other known species. Our subsequent sampling of Tryblidiopsis ascomata from dead attached Picea glauca branches resulted in the collection of a putatively undescribed species previously isolated as a P. glauca endophyte. Morphological evidence combined with phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit ribosomal (LSU) DNA sequences support the distinctiveness of this species, described here as T. magnesii.Species of the genus Wynnea are collected in association with a subterranean mass generally referred to as a sclerotium. This is one of the few genera of the Sarcoscyphaceae not associated with plant material - wood or leaves. The sclerotium is composed of hyphae of both Armillaria species and Wynnea species. To verify the existence of Armillaria species in the sclerotia of those Wynnea species not previously examined and to fully understand the structure and nature of the sclerotium, molecular data and morphological characters were analyzed. Using nuclear ITS rDNA sequences the Armillaria species co-occurring with Wynnea species were identified from all examined material. These Armillaria symbionts fall into two main Armillaria groups - the A. gallica-nabsnona-calvescens group and the A. mellea group. Divergent time estimates of the Armillaria and Wynnea lineages support a co-evolutionary relationship between these two fungi.A leaf-spotting fungal pathogen common on Metrosideros excelsa in New Zealand is described here as Blastacervulus metrosideri sp. nov. It has previously been identified in the New Zealand literature as Leptomelanconium sp. and as Staninwardia breviuscula. The choice of genus for this new species is supported by a phylogeny based on ITS and LSU sequences. It is phylogenetically close to several morphologically similar Eucalyptus leaf spotting pathogens.Cercospora is a well-studied and important genus of plant pathogenic species responsible for leaf spots on a broad range of plant hosts. The lack of useful morphological traits and the high degree of variation therein complicate species identifications in Cercospora. Recent studies have revealed multi-gene DNA sequence data to be highly informative for species identification in Cercospora. During the present study, Cercospora isolates obtained from Crownvetch (Securigera varia) in Iran and Romania were subjected to an eight-gene (ITS, tef1, actA, cmdA, his3, tub2, rpb2 and gapdh) analysis. By applying a polyphasic approach including morphological characteristics, host data, and molecular analyses, these isolates were identified as C. rautensis. To our knowledge, this is the first record of C. rautensis from Iran (Asia). In addition, an epitype is designated here for C. rautensis.The North American clade (NAC) of Ceratocystis includes pathogenic species that infect a wide range of woody hosts. Previous phylogenetic analyses have suggested that this clade includes cryptic species and a paraphyletic C. variospora. In this study, we used morphological data and phylogenetic analyses to characterize NAC taxa, including Ceratocystis isolates causing a serious disease of almond trees in California. Phylogenetic analyses based on six gene regions supported two new species of Ceratocystis. Ceratocystis destructans is introduced as the species causing severe damage to almond trees in California, and it has also been isolated from wounds on Populus and Quercus in Iowa. It is morphologically similar to C. tiliae, a pathogen on Tilia and the most recently characterized species in the NAC. Ceratocystis betulina collected from Betula platyphylla in Japan is also newly described and is the sister taxon to C. variospora. Our six-locus phylogenetic analyses and morphological characterization resolved several cryptic species in the NAC.One order, seven families, 28 new genera, 72 new species, 13 new combinations, four epitypes, and interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. Pseudorobillardaceae is introduced for Pseudorobillarda (based on P. phragmitis). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/as101.html New genera include Jeremyomyces (based on J. labinae) on twigs of Salix alba (Germany); Neodothidotthia (based on N. negundinicola) on Acer negundo (Ukraine); Neomedicopsis (based on N. prunicola) on fallen twigs of Prunus padus (Ukraine); Neophaeoappendicospora (based on N. leucaenae) on Leucaena leucocephala (France) (incl. Phaeoappendicosporaceae); Paradevriesia (incl. Paradevriesiaceae) (based on P. americana) from air (USA); Phaeoseptoriella (based on P. zeae) on leaves of Zea mays (South Africa); Piniphoma (based on P. wesendahlina) on wood debris of Pinus sylvestris (Germany); Pseudoconiothyrium (based on P. broussonetiae) on branch of Broussonetia papyrifera (Italy); Sodiomyces (based on S. alkalinus) from soil (Mongolia), and Turquoiseomyces (ia, N. sardiniae, N. simplex, Oleoguttula mirabilis, Paradevriesia compacta, Perusta inaequalis, Petrophila incerta, Rachicladosporium alpinum, R. inconspicuum, R. mcmurdoi, R. monterosanum, R. paucitum, Ramimonilia apicalis, Saxophila tyrrhenica, Vermiconidia antarctica, V. calcicola, V. foris, and V. flagrans.In this paper, new species and formae of the genus Gloeandromyces (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) are described and illustrated. These are Gloeandromyces dickii sp. nov. on Trichobius joblingi from Nicaragua and Panama; G. pageanus f. alarum f. nov. on Tri. joblingi from Panama; G. pageanus f. polymorphus f. nov. on Tri. dugesioides and Tri. joblingi from Panama and Trinidad; and G. streblae f. sigmomorphus f. nov. on Tri. joblingi from Panama. Gloeandromyces pageanus on Tri. dugesioides from Panama as described in Nova Hedwigia 105 (2017) is referred to as G. pageanus f. pageanus. Support for these descriptions of species and formae comes from phylogenetic reconstruction of the large subunit ribosomal DNA and from the application of species delimitation methods (ABGD, bPTP, GMYC). Host specialization results in phylogenetic segregation by host species in both G. pageanus and G. streblae and this may represent a case of incipient speciation. A second mechanism driving diversity involves position-induced morphological adaptations, leading to the peculiar morphotypes that are associated to growing on a particular position of the integument (G.