BACKGROUND Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) is a rare developmental malformation of the lung but can be associated with high morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study is to review our experience with 45 patients with CLE highlighting clinical features, aspects of diagnosis, and management. METHODS The medical records of all patients diagnosed with CLE in our center were reviewed. Patients age at the time of diagnosis, sex, clinical presentation, associated anomalies, the lobes affected, treatment modality, and outcome were described. A comparison was made between those who had lobectomy via open thoracotomy and those treated thoracoscopically. RESULTS From January 2000 to December 2018, a total of 45 infants with CLE were presented to our institution. There were 30 male and 15 female, and the mean age at presentation was 3.35 months. Twenty-five patients presented with respiratory distress. Nine patients presented immediately after birth, and two of them had surgery within the 1st week of life. Twecic Medicine.BACKGROUND Organizing pneumonia (OP) usually responds spectacularly well to initial treatment, but relapses can occur and some cases run a fatal course. Still, the issue of relapse has been addressed in relatively few studies, and predictors have not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to examine the pattern of relapses in OP, to determine whether relapse affects morbidity and mortality, and to identify possible predictors of relapse. METHODS Blood sampling, pulmonary function testing, computed tomography (CT) of the chest, and bronchofiberscopy were performed for all patients and were retrospectively reviewed along with clinical information. Periodical chest CT was conducted and additional chest CT was performed when relapse of OP was clinically suspected. All patients were followed regarding treatment response, treatment duration, and presence of relapse. Results were compared between two groups based on serum concentrations of surfactant protein (SP)-D normal SP-D and high SP-D. RESULTS Twenty-two patients were analyzed in this study. SP-D showed a negative correlation with percutaneous oxygen saturation and positive correlations with serum lactate dehydrogenase, Krebs von den Lungen (KL)-6, and percentage of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Prognosis was good for all patients, but relapse was significantly more frequent in the high SP-D group (6 cases) than in the normal SP-D group (0 cases; P = 0.049). Serum KL-6 and percentage of monocytes in BAL were significantly higher, and pulmonary vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s were significantly lower in the high SP-D group than in the low SP-D group. CONCLUSIONS When treating cases of OP with high serum concentrations of SP-D, attention should be paid to the possibility of relapse. Copyright © 2020 Annals of Thoracic Medicine.BACKGROUND This cross-sectional case-control study aimed to assess the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and its correlates and severity among Arab (Saudi) pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics. METHODS We interviewed 742 consecutive pregnant women attending antenatal clinics face-to-face using the International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) criteria. We assessed the severity of RLS using the IRLSSG severity scale for RLS (IRLS). A similar number of age-matched nonpregnant women were enrolled in a control group. RESULTS Among the cases, 104 (14%) were in the first trimester, 232 (31.3%) in the second trimester, and 406 (54.7%) in the third trimester. The RLS prevalence in cases and controls was 30% and 26.5%, respectively, (P = 0.134). Among cases, severe/very severe RLS was diagnosed in 25% and mild/moderate in 75%, compared with 15% of controls having severe/very severe RLS and 85% having mild/moderate RLS (P less then 0.001). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis identified the following parameters as independent predictors of RLS parity (odds ratio [OR] 1.113 [confidence intervals [CI] 1.012-1.223], P = 0.027), anemia (OR 1.452 [1.033-2.042], P = 0.03), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.734 [CI 1.084-2.774], P = 0.022), Vitamin D deficiency (OR 2.376 [CI 1.488-3.794],P less then 0.001), and smoking (OR 3.839 [CI 1.463-10.074], P = 0.006). None of the cases had been diagnosed or treated for RLS in the antenatal clinics. CONCLUSION RLS is common, but underdiagnosed, among Saudi pregnant women and nonpregnant women of childbearing age. The study revealed that RLS during pregnancy is linked to parity, anemia, diabetes mellitus, Vitamin D deficiency, and smoking. Copyright © 2020 Annals of Thoracic Medicine.Patient-ventilator asynchrony (PVA) is common in patients receiving noninvasive ventilation (NIV). This occurs primarily when the triggering and cycling-off of ventilatory assistance are not synchronized with the patient's inspiratory efforts and could result in increased work of breathing and niv failure. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/incb054329.html In general, five types of asynchrony can occur during NIV ineffective inspiratory efforts, double-triggering, auto-triggering, short-ventilatory cycling, and long-ventilatory cycling. Many factors that affect PVA are mostly related to the degree of air leakage, level of pressure support, and the type and properties of the interface used. Careful monitoring and adjustment of these factors are essential to reduce PVA and improve patient comfort. In this article, we discuss the machine and interface-related factors that influence PVA during NIV and its effect on the respiratory mechanics during pressure support ventilation, which is the ventilatory mode used most commonly during NIV. For that, we critically evaluated studies that assessed ventilator- and interface-related factors that influence PVA during NIV and proposed therapeutic solutions. Copyright © 2020 Annals of Thoracic Medicine.As the most common type of cancer in female patients, the morbidity and mortality rates of breast cancer (BC) are high, and its incidence is gradually increasing worldwide. However, the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms involved in the etiopathogenesis of BC remain unclear. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of non-coding RNAs that have been verified to serve a crucial role in tumorigenesis. However, the majority of functions and mechanisms of circRNAs remain unknown. The present study identified 47 differentially expressed circRNAs in a dataset from Gene Expression Omnibus. Using the cancer-specific circRNA database, the potential microRNA (miRNA) response elements, RNA-binding proteins and open reading frames of the candidate circRNAs were predicted. Combing the predictions of miRNAs and target mRNAs, a competing endogenous RNA network was constructed, which may serve as the theoretical basis for further research. Furthermore, the analyses conducted using Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways indicated that candidate circRNAs may serve a role in transcriptional regulation.