TS-STDP exerts a greater influence on CS plasticity than CS-STDP on TS plasticity. These findings highlight the major impact of precise timing in cortical and thalamic activity for the memory engram of striatal synapses. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rg108.html For permissions, please e-mail journals.permission@oup.com.We report diagnosis and management of the first laboratory-confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized in Toronto, Canada. No healthcare-associated transmission occurred. In the face of a potential pandemic of COVID-19, we suggest sustainable and scalable control measures developed based on lessons learned from SARS. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Head and neck malignancies with perineural spread are rare. Patients can present with neuropathic pain and cranial nerve palsies.1 Skull base approaches for surgical decompression are a consideration for patients to provide symptom relief.2 We demonstrate a frontotemporal extradural approach for a patient with worsening visual symptoms and refractory neuropathic pain in the V1, V2, and V3 distributions and briefly review the relevant anatomy.3-7  A 41-yr-old female with a poorly differentiated carcinoma of the head and neck with an infiltration of the cavernous sinus and perineural spread along the trigeminal nerve presented with severe neuropathic facial pain and anesthesia. She had previously undergone radiosurgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated an interval increase in perineural disease within the cavernous sinus with extension intradurally. Her pain was medically refractory. A 2-dimensional intraoperative video illustrates the microsurgical decompression of her perineural invasion along the skull base as a palliative procedure. The patient recovered well postoperatively and had a symptomatic improvement in her pain and visual symptoms. Her preoperative facial numbness persisted postoperatively as expected. Postoperative imaging demonstrates a gross total resection of the intradural component of the tumor with decompression and expected expansion of the cavernous sinus. Because of the retrospective nature of this report, informed consent was not required. Images within the video have been reproduced from Fukuda et al4 with permission from © Georg Thieme Verlag KG; and Matsuo et al5 by permission of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Copyright © 2020 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.The orbitomeningeal or meningo-orbital band (MOB) has been described as the most superficial dural band responsible for tethering the frontotemporal basal dura to the periorbita.1,2 The MBO usually interferes with the surgical approach to the most profound areas of the anterior and middle skull base. It is known that there are no cranial nerves on the lateral surface of the superior orbital fissure; therefore, the neurosurgeon can cut the MOB without causing any neurological deficit and, at the same time, achieving fully exposure of the anterior clinoid process1-4 and/or the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.5  The purpose of this video is to describe the microsurgical anatomy of the MOB and illustrate the technique for its detachment, accompanied by 2 illustrative cases. To achieve this, we use 3-dimensional recordings of 2 cadaveric specimens' dissections performed by the senior author.  Case 1 58-yr-old female with left blindness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows an anterior and middle skull base lesion with orbital compression.  Case 2 32-yr-old male presenting with headache and trigeminal neuralgia. The MRI revealed an hourglass-shaped lesion in the posterior and middle fossa. Both patients signed an informed consent and agree with the use of their images for research purposes.  We used a step-by-step approach for an adequate and secure dissection of the MOB highlighting the anatomic structures involved in the process. This approach allows safe and adequate access to the deeper structures of the anterior and middle skull base. Copyright © 2020 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.Supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms most commonly arise at the origin of the posterior communicating or anterior choroidal artery. The unique angioarchitecture presented in this case involved the anterior choroidal artery (AChA) originating from the dome of a supraclinoid ICA aneurysm. Treatment is associated with high morbidity because of the eloquent parenchyma perfused by the AChA. Therefore, the preservation of flow within the AChA during clipping is paramount. Anterior choroidal syndrome, comprising hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and hemianopsia, conveys a significant morbidity. This syndrome is observed in the setting of AChA sacrifice and can be observed in a delayed manner after clipping. Anterior choroidal syndrome is of uncertain etiology but is associated with AChA infarction. This patient presented with tinnitus and was found to have an incidental supraclinoid ICA aneurysm with AChA originating from the aneurysmal dome. A right orbitozygomatic craniotomy was performed for a transsylvian approach to the aneurysm. A fenestrated clip was applied to occlude the aneurysmal portion of the ICA up to the point of AChA origin. A curved clip was then used to occlude the AChA segment of the aneurysm, providing patency to the AChA takeoff along the ICA. Patency of the AChA and ICA was confirmed with intraoperative angiography, and the patient had a favorable clinical outcome. This case exemplified an excellent surgical clipping of a challenging supraclinoid ICA aneurysm involving the need to preserve a vessel off the aneurysm dome. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona. Copyright © 2020 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.BACKGROUND Racial/ethnic frailty prevalence disparities have been documented. Better elucidating how these operate may inform interventions to eliminate them. We aimed to determine whether physical frailty phenotype (PFP) prevalence disparities (1) are explained by health aspects, (2) vary by income, or (3) differ in degree across individual PFP criteria. METHODS Data came from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study baseline evaluation. The study sample (n=7,439) included persons in all residential settings except nursing homes. Logistic regression was used to achieve aims (1)-(3) listed above. In (1), health aspects considered were BMI status and number of chronic diseases. Analyses incorporated sampling weights and adjusted for socio-demographic factors. RESULTS Comparisons are versus non-Hispanic whites Non-Hispanic blacks (OR=1.46, 95% CI 1.21-1.76) and Hispanics (1.56, 1.20-2.03) continued to have higher odds of frailty after accounting for BMI status and number of chronic diseases. Non-Hispanic blacks had elevated odds of frailty in all income quartiles, including the highest (OR=2.