This analysis examined individual and network correlates of treatment enrollment for substance use disorders (SUDs) in the past 6 months and whether these factors varied by type(s) of drug(s) used and type of SUD treatment received. Between 2014 and 2017, 330 Baltimore residents who reported using heroin, crack, and/or cocaine in the past 6 months completed a survey to assess demographics, substance use, recent SUD treatment enrollment, and information about their network members. The primary outcome was recent enrollment in any type of SUD treatment (i.e., methadone maintenance, detox, residential, outpatient, and meetings/self-help) vs. none. Using logistic regression, recent SUD treatment enrollment was regressed on individual and network characteristics. Overall, 214 were enrolled in some form of SUD treatment in the past 6 months (56.6% Methadone Maintenance, 29.8% Detox, 25.9% Residential, 47.8% Outpatient, and 90.7% Meetings/Self-Help). The median number of network members listed was 4.0 (interquartile range 4-6). In the adjusted model, the odds of SUD treatment enrollment increased with each additional network member who was currently enrolled in SUD treatment (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]2.22; 95%CI1.47-3.33). The odds of SUD treatment enrollment decreased by 35% for each additional network member who used heroin, crack, and/or cocaine and could provide them with social support (AOR0.65; 95%CI0.48-1.88). Our findings suggest a complex link between the intersecting roles of network members and SUD treatment outcomes among persons who use drugs and the importance of collecting detailed social network information on the different domains of social support provided. Our findings suggest a complex link between the intersecting roles of network members and SUD treatment outcomes among persons who use drugs and the importance of collecting detailed social network information on the different domains of social support provided. Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with health problems and substance use. Substance use is common among inmates. This study aims to estimate lifetime and prison use of AAS and other substances, compare characteristics of groups of inmates, and describe factors associated with AAS use in a national prison population. Data from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) Study, a cross-sectional survey of people in prisons, included sociodemographic variables and lifetime and prison use of AAS and other substances. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mepazine-hydrochloride.html Altogether 1,499 inmates, including 96 (6.4%) women, were divided into three mutually exclusive groups according to lifetime AAS use, non-AAS substance use and no substance use. Lifetime AAS use was reported by 427 (28.5%) inmates; 6 women and 421 men. Non-AAS substance use was reported by 593 (39.6%) and 479 (31.9%) had never used AAS or non-AAS substances. Compared to the non-AAS substance group, the AAS group reported younger debut ages for nearly all non-AAS substances, higher mean number of non-AAS substances used in their lifetime (8.9, 6.6, p < 0.001), during the six months prior to incarceration (5.2, 3.1, p < 0.001), and during (2.3, 1.3, p < 0.001) imprisonment. Although 120 (8.0%) inmates used AAS during the six months prior to incarceration, only ten continued during imprisonment. Lifetime AAS use is common among inmates and may be an indicator of more severe substance use problems. Screening for previous and present AAS use at incarceration and increased staff awareness are needed to tailor treatment approaches appropriately. Lifetime AAS use is common among inmates and may be an indicator of more severe substance use problems. Screening for previous and present AAS use at incarceration and increased staff awareness are needed to tailor treatment approaches appropriately. Smoking prevalence has significantly increased among Chinese adolescences in the past decades. The aim of our study is to investigate the trends and changing patterns in age of smoking initiation among the Chinese population. Pooled data from the 2006-2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey was used for analysis. A total of 10,032 adults aged ≥18 years who were born between 1950 and 1997 were separated into five birth cohorts (1950-1959, 1960-1969, 1970-1979, 1980-1989 and 1990-1997). Age-specific (10-24 years) smoking initiation rates were calculated by gender, educational level and urbanisation. The multiple logistic models were used for estimates of changes in smoking initiation age. The mean age of smoking initiation decreased substantially from 22.0 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 21.2-22.7) to 17.5 years (95% CI 16.2-19.1) over five generations. A large decrease was seen in the initiation age group of 15-24 years in the 1980s cohort (15-19 years odds ratio [OR]=0.57; 95% CI 0.19-0.97; 20-24 years OR=0.45; 95% CI 0.18-0.82); a significant decrease was also found in the 1990s cohort (15-19 years OR=0.47; 95% CI 0.11-0.94; 20-24 years old OR=0.34; 95% CI 0.14-0.85). The peak age of smoking initiation changed from 20 years old to 18 years old over the five generations. The age of smoking initiation has decreased rapidly in the Chinese population in the past decades. Chinese adolescents are becoming the main target group for the tobacco marketing industry, and national legislations are urgently required. The age of smoking initiation has decreased rapidly in the Chinese population in the past decades. Chinese adolescents are becoming the main target group for the tobacco marketing industry, and national legislations are urgently required. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major global health problem. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of common risk factors for NCDs in Lebanon, both among the Lebanese population and Syrian refugees, aged 18-69 years, residing in communities. Two national cross-sectional surveys using a two-stage cluster sampling design were conducted among the Lebanese and Syrian refugee adults. We used the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach through questionnaire assessment and physical and biochemical measurements. All reported results were weighted to provide prevalence estimates at the population level. A total of 1899 Lebanese and 2134 Syrians adults participated in the survey. More than one-third of participants were current smokers at the time of the assessment, and 23% of Lebanese participants were current drinkers (almost all Syrian refugees were lifetime abstainers). Vegetable and fruit consumption was rated moderately low, in 73% and 93% of Lebanese and Syrian refugees, respectively.