more commonly metabolize smaller glycans, in particular oligosaccharides, sometimes through syntrophic interactions with Bacteroides spp., in which they act as secondary degraders.Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch polysaccharide (ASKP) consists of two main fractions, 60P (molecular weight at 551 kDa) and 60S (molecular weight at 39 kDa). The anti-obesity effects of ASKP and its two fractions were investigated in high-fat-diet-fed mice and showed similar capability in efficiently preventing the development of obesity. The final body weight and body weight gain of obesity mice model were reduced by 12.44% and 35.33% by ASKP, 10.63% and 34.35% by 60P, and 7.82% and 20.04% by 60S. They also showed similar efficiency to ameliorate dyslipidemia, systematic inflammation, and gut dysbiosis. The colonic genes of barrier integrity were significantly upregulated and the genes of hepatic lipid metabolism and that of colonic inflammatory response were suppressed. They attenuated the gut dysbiosis in obese mice, such as the significant enrichment of beneficial genera (Bifidobacterium and Olsenella) and suppression of harmful ones (Mucispirillum and Helicobacter). Significant enrichment of carbohydrate metabolism associated with the promotion of short-chain fatty acid production and decrease of the metabolisms related to obesity and gut dysbiosis (valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, and nitrogen metabolism) were also observed by the administration of ASKP, 60P, and 60S. Overall, these polysaccharides showed potential in acting as prebiotics in preventing high-fat-diet-induced obesity.Binge eating, the defining feature of binge eating disorder (BED), is associated with a number of adverse health outcomes as well as a reduced quality of life. Animals, like humans, selectively binge on highly palatable food suggesting that the behaviour is driven by hedonic, rather than metabolic, signals. Given the links to both reward processing and food intake, this study examined the contribution of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) to binge-like eating in rats. Separate groups were given intermittent (12 h) or continuous (24 h) access to 10% sucrose and food over 28 days, with only the 12 h access group displaying excessive sucrose intake within a discrete period of time (i.e., binge eating). Importantly, this group also exhibited alterations in ECS transcripts and endocannabinoid levels in brain reward regions, including an increase in cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) mRNA in the nucleus accumbens as well as changes in endocannabinoid levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. We then tested whether different doses (1 and 3 mg/kg) of a CB1R antagonist, Rimonabant, modify binge-like intake or the development of a conditioned place preference (CPP) to sucrose. CB1R blockade reduced binge-like intake of sucrose and blocked a sucrose CPP, but only in rats that had undergone 28 days of sucrose consumption. These findings indicate that sucrose bingeing alters the ECS in reward-related areas, modifications that exacerbate the effect of CB1R blockade on sucrose reward. Overall, our results broaden the understanding of neural alterations associated with bingeing eating and demonstrate an important role for CB1R mechanisms in reward processing. In addition, these findings have implications for understanding substance abuse, which is also characterized by excessive and maladaptive intake, pointing towards addictive-like properties of palatable food.Body weight is often viewed as personally controllable. This belief, however, ignores the complex etiology of body weight. While such attributions of personal willpower may help some individuals regulate their eating patterns, they have also been associated with increased internalized weight stigma which, itself, is associated with more disinhibited eating. The current investigation aimed to examine how internalized weight stigma, along with BMI, may explain the effect of weight controllability beliefs on disparate dietary behaviors. A community sample of 2702 U.S. adults completed an online survey about their weight controllability beliefs, eating behaviors, and internalized weight stigma, as well as demographic items and self-reported BMI. Results showed that greater weight controllability beliefs were positively related to both more restricted eating, β = 0.135, p less then .001, and more disinhibited eating, β = 0.123, p less then .001. This ironic effect was partially explained by increased internalized weight stigma. Moreover, BMI moderated the relationship, such that individuals with lower weights demonstrated stronger effects for two of the three eating outcomes than those with higher weights. These findings advance our understanding of the relationship between attributions of personal control for body weight and subsequent health behaviors, and further underscore the need to target internalized weight stigma in dietary interventions.Young children's lifestyle behaviors are largely shaped by their parents. There are socioeconomic risk factors particular to Hispanic populations that influence the way parents feed their children. As obesity continues to be a public health issue with substantial inequities across race and ethnicity, it is critical to understand Hispanic parents' food choices and feeding practices. The objective of this qualitative study is to identify the behavioral, environmental, and cognitive factors that influence the parental food choices and feeding behaviors of Hispanic mothers of children ages 0-5 years. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gdc-0575.html Snowball sampling was used to recruit participants from the community (n = 30) who were 1) female; 2) Hispanic; 3) over the age of 18; and 4) a mother to child(ren) between the ages zero and five. Each interview consisted of a brief demographic survey and a set of open-ended questions based on Social Cognitive Theory constructs. A thematic analysis using a combined deductive and inductive approach was used to analyze transcriptions. Results indicated that mothers' attitudes around breastfeeding were connected with their challenges, while their attitudes around solid foods were expressed in their feeding strategies. Mothers used strategies of modeling, repeated exposure, and practices of "sneaking" in healthy foods and bribing to promote healthy eating. Mothers were most likely to seek out information from (1) pediatricians, (2) female family members, and (3) the internet. Hispanic mothers actively seek out information from many different sources that impact how they feed their young children. Understanding their trusted sources and how it influences the SCT constructs is an important step in preventing early childhood obesity.