Algal dominance between phytoplankton and epiphyton plays an essential role in predicting shallow lake shifts between clear-water and turbid-water states. However, compared to resources competition, studies on algal life-form shifts between phytoplankton and epiphyton have traditionally received less interest, as few studies have focused on algal communities in both habitats concurrently. We conducted a 4 × 3 factorial design microcosm experiment to explore the mutual feedback relationship between phytoplankton and epiphyton. The initial algal life-form (epiphytic algae and phytoplanktonic algae alone or together) and nutrients enrichment (ambient, enrichment with N and P alone or together) were manipulated. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ru-521.html After 28 days of incubation, the results suggested that the nutrient effects on the phytoplankton and epiphyton communities differed among the three different initial algal life-forms. A significant competitive advantage of phytoplankton was found even in treatments containing only epiphytic algae as the life-forms under different nutrient conditions, research on multiple short time-scales based on algal migration is needed in the future.Atmospheric transport is a global-scale process that moves semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) rapidly from source regions to remote locations, where these chemicals have never been produced or used. Particle/gas (P/G) partitioning of SVOCs during atmospheric transport governs wet and dry deposition, and thereby controls the efficiency and scope of long-range atmospheric transport and fate for these sorts of compounds. Previous work has shown that the assumption of steady state between particulate and gaseous phases in the atmosphere leads to model results that more closely match observations especially for compounds that strongly favor the particulate phase. Here, the practical application of steady-state P/G partitioning in the atmosphere in multimedia fugacity models is presented in greater detail. A method is developed whereby the fugacity of a chemical in the particle-phase is set equal to that in the gaseous phase (a pseudo equilibrium) but still maintains steady state of the chemical between air and aerosols in the atmosphere. This procedure greatly simplifies the application of multimedia fugacity models. Using this approach, a condition of steady state between air and aerosols is developed and applied in a Level III six-compartment six-fugacity model, which becomes a much simpler Level III six-compartment four-fugacity model. This newly-developed model is then applied to data observed during a monitoring program.Decentralized wastewater treatment in rural areas is an imperative challenge around the world, particularly in developing countries. The composite filter bed reactor is viable for decentralized wastewater treatment, but its performance on nitrogen removal often fluctuates with the unstable influent characteristics and loadings. Here, a composite filter bed reactor integrating sulfur, iron(II), and fixed organic carbon (shaddock peel) was developed and continuously operated under different conditions. The fixed organic carbon source promoted nitrogen removal with an efficiency higher than 90% and reduced effluent sulfate level by 40%, indicating that the integrated electron donors could improve the resistance and stability of the reactor. Moreover, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (Thiomonas, Sulfuriferula, and Acidithiobacillus), iron-oxidizing bacteria (Ferritrophicum), and denitrifiers (Simplicispira and Hydrogenophaga) were identified in the anoxic/anaerobic layer of the reactor, suggesting that mixotrophic denitrification was stimulated by sulfur, iron(II), and fixed organic carbon. The findings of this study indicate that the developed reactor with the integrated electron donors could be reliable for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal and promising for the application of decentralized wastewater treatment.The impacts of the partitioning of potentially toxic metals (PTM) within the estuarine environment is highly complex, but is of key significance owing to increases in populations living within such sensitive environments. Although empirical data exist for the partitioning of metals between the dissolved and particulate phases, little is known regarding the impacts of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) upon the flocculation of particles within such a dynamic system nor the resultant influence on the distribution of metals between the particulate and dissolved phases. This prevents regulators from fully understanding the fate and risks associated with metals in estuaries. This study provides data associated with the simulation of 3 settlings typical of the turbulent mixing found in estuaries and partitioning of copper, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, lead and zinc for 3 salinities (0, 15, 30 PSU) reflecting the full salinity range from freshwater to seawater. Experiments were completed with and without the presence of EPS, using kaolin as the mineral particulate. The results showed significant differences between salinity, PTMs and turbulence for the experiments with and without EPS present. Overall, salinity was the main factor controlling the PTM partitioning to sediment, however the flocculation process did impact on the PTM distribution and with the addition of EPS the impact was more pronounced. The data highlighted the importance of taking account of EPS within any estuarine sediment process modelling, for relying on simple partitioning with corrections for salinity would likely lead to significant bias.The present work is the first of two reviews on applied modeling in the field of aerobiology. The aerobiological predictive models for pollen and fungal spores, usually defined as predictive statistical models, will, amongst other objectives, forecast airborne particles' concentration or dynamical behavior of the particles. These models can be classified into Observation Based Models (OBM), Phenological Based Models (PHM), or OTher Models (OTM). The aim of this review is to show, analyze and discuss the different predictive models used in pollen and spore aerobiological studies. The analysis was performed on published electronic scientific articles from 1998 to 2016 related to the type of model, the taxa and the modelled parameters. From a total of 503 studies, 55.5% used OBM (44.8% on pollen and 10.7% on fungal spores), 38.5% PHM (all on pollen) and 6% OTM (5.4% on pollen and 0.6% on fungal spores). OBM have been used with high frequency to forecast concentration. The most frequent model of OBM was linear regression (18.