Historical studies of emotions have much to add to the lively interest in emotions today. This article problematizes the currently popular notion of "basic emotions," shows how the history of past theories offers new ways to think about the category "emotions" and the items that populate it, and offers a methodology for approaching the emotions through the lens of "emotional communities" (the groups in which people live and feel). It concludes by suggesting how historians and scientists may work together to further our understanding of emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).In this series of stimulating reflective essays, prominent scholars of emotion and its history address the challenges and rewards of interdisciplinarity, recent work in the field, and the many conceptions of "emotion"-a polyvocality that presents limitations as well as opportunities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).A large proportion of individuals who use psychoactive substances regularly use more than one substance. This pattern of behavior, termed polysubstance use, is associated with greater risks than when consuming only a single substance. The present study examined delay discounting, neurocognitive functioning, and demographic indicators among a large, racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of young adults drawn from the Human Connectome Project who reported either non, mono, or dual use of alcohol, tobacco, and/or cannabis. Univariate and multivariate tests suggested individuals who reported using multiple substances were more likely to be male, experienced higher rates of alcohol use disorder, and, when reporting both alcohol use and cannabis involvement, scored lower on a measure of inhibitory control relative to those who reported mono or dual use of alcohol and/or cigarettes. Individuals who reported currently smoking cigarettes exhibited the steepest discounting irrespective of other substances used; however, we observed additive effects for alcohol use and, to a lesser extent, cannabis involvement. Specifically, steeper discounting occurred when individuals who reported either regular alcohol use or > 100 lifetime instances of cannabis use also reported smoking cigarettes. We discuss several hypotheses for this finding related to the diversity of the sample and substances assessed as well as directions for future programmatic lines of research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Recently developed models of decision-making have provided accounts of the cognitive processes underlying choice on tasks where responses can fall along a continuum, such as identifying the color or orientation of a stimulus. Even though nearly all of these models seek to extend diffusion decision processes to a continuum of response options, they vary in terms of complexity, tractability, and their ability to predict patterns of data such as multimodal distributions of responses. We suggest that these differences are almost entirely due to differences in how these models account for the similarity among response options. In this theoretical note, we reconcile these differences by characterizing the existing models under a common framework, where the assumptions about psychological representations of similarity, and their implications for behavioral data (e.g., multimodal responses), are made explicit. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/d34-919.html Furthermore, we implement a simulation-based approach to computing model likelihoods that allows for greater freedom in constructing and implementing continuous response models. The resulting geometric similarity representation (GSR) can supplement approaches like the circular/spherical diffusion models by allowing them to generate multimodal distributions of responses from a single drift, or simplify models like the spatially continuous diffusion model (SCDM) by condensing their representations of similarity and allowing them to generate simulations more efficiently. To illustrate its utility, we apply this approach to multimodal distributions responses, two-dimensional responses (such as locations on a computer screen), and continuous response options with nontrivial, nonlinear similarity relations between response options. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).The issue of how perception and motor planning interact to generate a given choice between actions is a fundamental question in both psychology and neuroscience. Salinas and colleagues have developed a behavioral paradigm, the compelled-response task, where the signal that instructs the subject to make an eye movement is given before the cue that indicates which of two possible target choices is the correct one. When the cue is given rather late, the participant must guess and make an uninformed random choice. Perceptual performance can be tracked as a function of the amount of time during which sensory information is available. In Salinas' accelerated race-to-threshold model, two variables race against each other to a threshold, at which a saccade is initiated. The source of random variability is in the initial state of information buildup across trials. This implies that incorrect decisions are due to the inertia of the racing variables that have, at the start, sampled a constant buildup in the "wrong" direction. Here we suggest an alternative, non-time-homogeneous two-stage-diffusion model that is able to predict both response time distributions and choice probabilities with a few easy-to-interpret parameters and without assuming cross-trial parameter variability. It is falsifiable already at the level of qualitative features, for example, predicting bimodal reaction time (RT) distributions for particular gap times. It connects the compelled-response paradigm with an approach to decision making that has been uniquely successful in describing both behavioral and neural data in a variety of experimental settings for the last 40 years. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).The visual system performs remarkably well to perceive depth order of surfaces without stereo disparity, indicating the importance of figure-ground organization based on pictorial cues. To understand how figure-ground organization emerges, it is essential to investigate how the global configuration of an image is reflected. In the past, many neuro-computational models developed to reproduce figure-ground organization implemented algorithms to give a bias to convex areas. However, in certain conditions, a convex area can be perceived as a hole and a nonconvex area as figural. This occurs when the surface properties of the convex area are consistent with the background and, hence, are grouped together in our perception. We argue that large-scale consistency of surface properties is reflected in the border-ownership computation. We developed a model, called DISC2, that first analyzes relationships between two border-ownership signals of all possible combinations in the image. It then enhances signals if they satisfy the following conditions (a) the two signals fit to a convex configuration and (b) the surface properties at the locations of the two signals are consistent.