The present meta-analysis provides evidence of an increase, although small, in self-reported aggression in healthy males following AAS administration in RCTs. Ecologically rational RCTs are warranted to better explore the effect of AAS administration on aggression in humans. The present meta-analysis provides evidence of an increase, although small, in self-reported aggression in healthy males following AAS administration in RCTs. Ecologically rational RCTs are warranted to better explore the effect of AAS administration on aggression in humans.Diglycosidases are endo-β-glucosidases that hydrolyze the heterosidic linkage of diglycoconjugates, thereby releasing in a single reaction the disaccharide and the aglycone. Plant diglycosidases belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 1 and are associated with defense mechanisms. Microbial diglycosidases exhibit higher diversity-they belong to the families 3, 5, and 55-and play a catabolic role. As diglycoconjugates are widespread in the environments, so are the microbial diglycosidases, which allow their utilization as nutritional source and carbon recycling. In the last 10 years, six microbial diglycosidases have been sequenced, and for two of them, the three-dimensional structure has been elucidated. This knowledge allowed the identification of their diverse phylogenetic origin, and gave insights into the understanding of the substrate specificity. Here, the last advances and the applications of microbial diglycosidases are reviewed. KEY POINTS • Substrate specificity and phylogenetic relationships of diglycosidases are reviewed. • On-going and potential applications of diglycosidases are discussed.The impact of ambient relative humidity (RH) on conidial production of Metarhizium humberi IP 46 microsclerotia (MS) formulated in pellets or granules was investigated, and a promising granular formulation was tested against Aedes aegypti adults to confirm its efficacy. Microcrystalline cellulose (MC) and diatomaceous earth (DE) or a combination of vermiculite (VE), DE and silicon dioxide (SD) were tested as carriers in granular formulations containing MS. A range of 93-96.5% RH was critical for fungal development, and at least 96.5-98.5% RH was required for high conidial production on pellets or granules. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyclopamine.html Conidial production was clearly higher on pellets and granules prepared with VE than MC as the main carrier. VE granules containing MS were highly active against A. aegypti adults. Most mosquitoes were killed within 6 days after treatment regardless of the exposure time of adults to the formulation (1 min-24 h) or ambient humidity (75 or >98%). Production of conidia on dead adults varied between 7.3 × 106 and 2.2 × 107 conidia/individual, when exposed to MS granules for 12 h and 1 min, respectively. Granular formulations containing VE as the main carrier and MS as the active ingredient of M. humberi have strong potential for use against A. aegypti. KEY POINTS • High conidial production on granular microsclerotial formulations at >96.5% RH • Vermiculite is more appropriate as a carrier than microcrystalline cellulose • Granules with IP 46 microsclerotia are highly active against Aedes aegypti adults.Biological nitrogen fixation is usually inhibited by fixed nitrogen. Paenibacillus sabinae T27, a Gram-positive, spore-forming diazotroph, possesses high nitrogenase activity and has 3 copies of nifH (nifH, nifH2, nifH3), a copy of nifDK, and multiple nifHDK-like genes. In this study, we found that P. sabinae T27 showed nitrogenase activities not only in low (0-3 mM) concentrations of NH4+ but also in high (30-300 mM) concentrations of NH4+, no matter whether this bacterium was grown in a flask or in a fermenter on scale cultivation. qRT-PCR and western blotting analyses supported that Fe protein and MoFe protein were synthesized under both low (0-3 mM) and high (30-300 mM) concentrations of NH4+. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed that MoFe protein was encoded by nifDK and Fe protein was encoded by both nifH and nifH2. The cross-reaction suggested the purified Fe and MoFe components from P. sabinae T27 grown in both nitrogen-limited and nitrogen-excess conditions were active. This is the first time to report that diazotrophs show nitrogenase activity in presence of high (30-300 mM) concentrations of NH4+. Our study will provide a clue for studying the mechanisms of nitrogen fixation in presence of the high concentration of NH4+. KEY POINTS • P. sabinae T27 can synthesize active nitrogenase in presence of high levels of ammonia. •Fe and MoFe proteins of nitrogenase purified in absence of ammonia are the same as those purified from the high concentration of ammonia. • Fe protein is encoded by nifH and nifH2, and MoFe protein is encoded by nifDK. Arthroscopic meniscectomy (APM) is the most common procedure in orthopedic surgery, despite increasing evidence questioning its benefit over conservative management for treatment of degenerative meniscal tears. The purpose of this study is to determine the epidemiology and trends of APM in Saskatchewan, a Canadian province, over a 20year period. Physician billing codes were used to identify patients who underwent APM in Saskatchewan between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2017. Records were obtained from eHealth Saskatchewan, a provincial health database. Data was analyzed for overall incidence and age-specific trends of APM. A total of 35,099 APMs were performed during the study period. The population of Saskatchewan ranged from 992,314 to 1,150,782 (median 1,017,368) during this time interval, with 81 orthopedic surgeons performing APM. Overall incidence rate of APM did not change significantly over time. No decrease was observed in patients presumed to have degenerative tears (≥ 50years). The number of meniscectomies in patients ≥ 50years was significantly greater during the second decade of study compared to the first (OR 1.48, p < 0.01). Conversely, the increase in incidence rate among older patients was not statistically significant (R  = 0.125, n.s.). Overall incidence rate of APM in Saskatchewan has not decreased during the last 20years. Furthermore, APM frequency increased over time for individuals ≥ 50years. Several regional factors may have contributed to these findings, including the large proportion of Saskatchewan residents engaged in physically demanding work and barriers to accessing physiotherapy services. Given recent evidence disputing the benefit of APM over conservative measures, this study highlights the need for improved dissemination of evidence, as well as the importance of an individualized treatment plan to address patient-specific factors. Level IV. Level IV.