Access to human-origin food, either cooked or packaged, acquired directly from homes or garbage pits, in the human-dominated habitat appeared to significantly reduce active foraging and searching for food, allowing them to engage in other behavioural activities, such as resting. Furthermore, patterns of reciprocated affiliation dissipated in certain human-dominated habitats, with individuals seeming to have adopted novel behavioural strategies, leading to altered social dynamics in the troop, possibly in response to provisioning. This study thus highlights the importance of understanding behavioural changes displayed by animals in response to human interactions; such knowledge could be crucial for the planning and implementation of management and conservation strategies for endangered species such as the lion-tailed macaque and possibly other wildlife in the increasingly anthropogenic landscapes of the tropical world.In this proof-of-concept study, we tested whether placebo effects can be monitored and predicted by plasma proteins. In a randomized controlled design, 90 participants were exposed to a nauseating stimulus on two separate days and were randomly allocated to placebo treatment or no treatment on the second day. Significant placebo effects on nausea, motion sickness, and (in females) gastric activity could be verified. Using label-free tandem mass spectrometry, 74 differentially regulated proteins were identified as correlates of the placebo effect. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses identified acute-phase proteins and microinflammatory proteins to be involved, and the identified GO signatures predicted day-adjusted scores of nausea indices in the placebo group. We also performed GO enrichment analyses of specific plasma proteins predictable by the experimental factors or their interactions and identified 'grooming behavior' as a prominent hit. Finally, Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) allowed to identify plasma proteins differentiating placebo responders from non-responders, comprising immunoglobulins and proteins involved in oxidation reduction processes and complement activation. Plasma proteomics is a promising tool to identify molecular correlates and predictors of the placebo effect in humans. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive chronic disease with poor outcomes. One reason for poor prognosis is the lack of understanding regarding individual variability in response to treatment. Idiopathic PAH (IPAH) patients with bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) mutations have distinct phenotypes that are crucial for individualized therapy but evidence regarding their prevalence and clinical features in the Korean population is lacking. Therefore, the present study aimed to screen Korean IPAH patients for BMPR2 mutations and analyze their clinical phenotypes. We enrolled 73 unrelated IPAH patients for BMPR2 mutation screening between March 2010 to November 2015 from 11 hospitals in Korea. Thirty-three lineal family members from 6 families of BMPR2 mutation carriers were also screened. Among 73 patients, 16 (22%) had BMPR2 mutations. Mutation carriers were younger (27 vs. 47 years; p = 0.02) and had a higher mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) than non-carriers (64 vs. 51 mmHg; p<0.05). Of the 16 individuals with mutations, 5 deletion, 2 splice-site, 6 nonsense, and 3 missense mutations were found, among which, 9 were newly identified mutation types. Patients less than 30 years old had more BMPR2 mutations (44 vs. 14%; p = 0.04) and a higher mPAP (64 vs. 50 mmHg; p = 0.04) compared with those equaled to or over 30 years old. There were no differences in hemodynamic profiles or the proportion of BMPR2 mutation carriers between groups according to sex. The prevalence of BMPR2 mutations in Korean IPAH patients was 22%. Mutation carriers were younger and had a poorer hemodynamic profile compared with the non-carriers. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01054105. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01054105. To compare "virtual" unenhanced (VUE) computed tomography (CT) images, reconstructed from rapid kVp-switching dual-energy computed tomography (DECT), to "true" unenhanced CT images (TUE), in clinical abdominal imaging. The ability to replace TUE with VUE images would have many clinical and operational advantages. VUE and TUE images of 60 DECT datasets acquired for standard-of-care CT of pancreatic cancer were retrospectively reviewed and compared, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Comparisons included quantitative evaluation of CT numbers (Hounsfield Units, HU) measured in 8 different tissues, and 6 qualitative image characteristics relevant to abdominal imaging, rated by 3 experienced radiologists. The observed quantitative and qualitative VUE and TUE differences were compared against boundaries of clinically relevant equivalent thresholds to assess their equivalency, using modified paired t-tests and Bayesian hierarchical modeling. Quantitatively, in tissues containing high concentrations of calcium or iodine, CT numbers measured in VUE images were significantly different from those in TUE images. CT numbers in VUE images were significantly lower than TUE images when calcium was present (e.g. in the spine, 73.1 HU lower, p < 0.0001); and significantly higher when iodine was present (e.g. in renal cortex, 12.9 HU higher, p < 0.0001). Qualitatively, VUE image ratings showed significantly inferior depiction of liver parenchyma compared to TUE images, and significantly more cortico-medullary differentiation in the kidney. Significant differences in VUE images compared to TUE images may limit their application and ability to replace TUE images in diagnostic abdominal CT imaging. Significant differences in VUE images compared to TUE images may limit their application and ability to replace TUE images in diagnostic abdominal CT imaging.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008392.].We present Epiclomal, a probabilistic clustering method arising from a hierarchical mixture model to simultaneously cluster sparse single-cell DNA methylation data and impute missing values. Using synthetic and published single-cell CpG datasets, we show that Epiclomal outperforms non-probabilistic methods and can handle the inherent missing data characteristic that dominates single-cell CpG genome sequences. Using newly generated single-cell 5mCpG sequencing data, we show that Epiclomal discovers sub-clonal methylation patterns in aneuploid tumour genomes, thus defining epiclones that can match or transcend copy number-determined clonal lineages and opening up an important form of clonal analysis in cancer. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/etc-159.html Epiclomal is written in R and Python and is available at https//github.com/shahcompbio/Epiclomal.