For Ra, after CS, only ABF presented a decrease, differing statistically from baseline (P less then 0.05). After CS smoke, all groups presented gloss increase, statistically different from the baseline (P less then 0.05), and when compared among resin composites, no difference was found. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Bulk-fill resin composites are more prone to staining by cigarette smoke when compared to the conventional microhybrid resin composites. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/wnk463.html Copyright©American Journal of Dentistry.PURPOSE To evaluate the bleaching efficacy of laser application with chemical treatment compared to chemical treatment alone. METHODS This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT), single blind (evaluator), in 24 patients randomized into two groups Laser and chemical intervention (12) or chemical intervention alone without laser (12). The commercial products used were Whiteness HP 35% hydrogen peroxide gel and the Whitening Laser II of DCM equipment. The color was measured with a spectrophotometer before, immediately and 3 days after the bleaching procedure. The trial outcome measures were obtained using the Vita EasyShade spectrophotometer and the International CIELCh system. To establish differences before vs. after treatments and between groups, the T test and chi² tests were applied. The data was statistically analyzed with Student's T-test (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS After applying the delta formula to measure the change in color, both groups gave clinically significant results before vs. after bleaching procedures ( P ≤ 0.05). The deltas for luminosity, chroma, and hue all showed significant improvements for baseline to 15 minutes post treatment (P ≤ 0.05), baseline to 3 days post treatment (P ≤ 0.05), but not for 15 minutes to 3 days post treatment (P ≥ 0.05). When comparing between groups applying T-test, no statistically significant differences were found (P ≥ 0.05) for all three deltas. When comparing sensitivity after bleaching, no differences were found between groups (P ≥ 0.05). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of laser during bleaching treatment did not improve the results compared to not using laser. Copyright©American Journal of Dentistry.PURPOSE To investigate the occlusal wear of bulk-fill and conventional flowable resin composites. METHODS Four bulk-fill flowable resin composites (1) Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable Restorative (FB); (2) G-ænial Bulk Injectable (GB); (3) SDR Flow+ (SD); and (4) Tetric EvoFlow Bulk Fill (TB), and four conventional flowable resin composites (1) Clearfil Majesty IC (CM); (2) Filtek Supreme Ultra Flow (FF); (3) G-ænial Universal Flow (GF); and (4) Herculite XRV Ultra Flow (HF) were evaluated. Localized wear was simulated using 400,000 cycles in a Leinfelder-Suzuki (Alabama) device with a stainless-steel ball bearing antagonist. Volume loss and maximum depth of wear facets were measured using a Proscan 2100 noncontact profilometer in conjunction with analyzing software. Scanning electron microscopy observations were also conducted on the wear specimens. RESULTS Simulated occlusal wear was significantly different (P less then 0.05) among the materials tested. FF, GB and GF showed significantly less wear than the other tested resin composites. The rank order of volume loss and maximum depth was GF-GB-FF-FB-CM-HF-TB-SD. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Bulk-fill flowable resin composites showed a much wider range of wear properties than conventional flowable resin composites. Some composites of each type may be suitable for use in occlusal contact areas of posterior restorations, but care must be taken when selecting such a resin. Copyright©American Journal of Dentistry.PURPOSE To evaluate marginal seal, adaptation, surface texture, and bubble presence of pit and fissure sealants when using a novel instrument (C-Shape It) or the manufacturers' supplied applicators for sealant placement into occlusal fissures. METHODS Extracted molars with occlusal fissures were cleaned with pumice slurry and divided into six groups (n= 10/gp); three treatment and three control. Sealant materials placed included Ultraseal, Delton, and Helioseal. Excess water was removed per manufacturers' instructions. Sealants were applied with each applicator and with the C-Shape It to each group from cusp to cusp without covering marginal ridges, and the polymerization guidelines for photocuring were followed for all the groups. Samples were thermocycled at 500x between 5° and 55°C. Teeth were sectioned in a buccolingual direction with a minimum of four sections per tooth and examined under a light microscope at 50x and scored. RESULTS Marginal seal, adaptation, penetration ability, surface texture, bubble formation and location of the sealants were analyzed using two-way ANOVA on ranks with a 95% confidence interval. The C-Shape It instrument showed consistently smoother surface texture (P less then 0.001), which was statistically significant versus all manufacturers' applicators for all materials. Bubble presence was statistically significantly less with the instrument C-Shape It versus the manufacturers' applicators for all materials (P less then 0.001). Results also revealed significant differences in marginal sealant adaptation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE C-Shape It demonstrated consistent ability to reduce bubbles and improve surface texture and adaptation in occlusal fissures for all pit and fissure products tested. Copyright©American Journal of Dentistry.PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of dentin biomodification on the long-term strength of sound and caries-affected (CA) dentin as a strategy to stabilize the dentin matrix. The biomodification strategy utilized a naturally occurring proanthocyanidin-rich Vitis vinifera grape seeds (Vv), and compared with glutaraldehyde (GD). METHODS Dentin from sound and carious human molars were sectioned from mid-coronal dentin. The temperature denaturation (Td) was assessed using differential scanning calorimetry in sealed pans. The inhibitory effect of the agents on the activity of recombinant MMP-2 and -9 were assessed using colorimetric assay. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of demineralized dentin were determined 24 hours after treatment and after 12 months storage in simulated body fluid. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and post-hoc tests ( α= 0.05). RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the Td between sound and CA dentin (P= 0.140); however, Vv and GD significantly increased the Td of both substrates (P less then 0.